Ko te pae tapawhā e pā ana ki tētahi rauemi āhua tapawhā i hangaia mā te huri wera i ngā pire tapawhā, mā te kume matao rānei i te maitai porowhita.

Ngongo tapawhāe pā ana ki tētahi āhua ngongo me te tapawhā whakawhiti. Ka taea te hanga mai i ngā momo rauemi, ahakoa ko te nuinga o ngā ngongo tapawhā he mea hanga mai i ngā paipa rino. Ko te tukanga he wetewete, he whakatārite, he hurihuri, he whakarewa hei hanga i tētahi ngongo porowhita, kātahi ka hurihia hei ngongo tapawhā ka tapahia ki te roa e hiahiatia ana. I te nuinga o te wā ka tākaihia ki roto i ngā paihere o te 50 ngā wahi.

I te mākete tūnga, ko ngā ngongo tapawhā te nuinga e wātea ana i roto i ngā rahi nui, mai i10 × 10 × 0.8–1.5 ki te 500 × 500 × 10–25. Ka whakarōpūtia ngā ngongo tapawhā mā te whakamahinga ki ngā ngongo tapawhā hanganga, ngā ngongo tapawhā whakapaipai, ngā ngongo tapawhā hanganga, me ngā ngongo tapawhā mīhini, me ētahi atu.

He momo ngongo tapawhā te ngongo tapawhā, he ngongo maitai he rite te roa o ngā taha. Ka hangaia mā te hurihuri i te rīpene maitai mā roto i tētahi raupapa tukanga.

Totoka, e whakarōpūtia ana hei hupa paera. Ko te tikanga ka hangaia mā te hurihuri wera, ā, ka taea te tukatuka anō hei maitai porowhita, hei pūtu punga, me ētahi atu hua, pērā i ngā ara rerewē.

Pokapū, e kiia ana he ngongo. He porowhita ngā kokonga, ā, he mama ake i te maitai tapawhā. Ko ngā diameter iti ka hurihia mātaotia, ko ngā diameter nui ka whakapirihia ngātahi, ā, ka whakamahia mō ngā mahi hanganga.