He mea nui te whakamārama tika i ngā tohu maitai hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga rauemi me te haumaru o ngā kaupapa i roto i te hoahoa maitai hanganga, te hoko, me te hanga. Ahakoa he hononga ōrite ngā pūnaha tohu maitai o ngā whenua e rua, he rerekētanga motuhake anō hoki ō rāua. He mea nui te māramatanga hōhonu ki ēnei rerekētanga mō ngā tohunga ahumahi.
Ngā Tohu Rino Hainamana
Ko ngā tohu maitai Hainamana e whai ana i te whakatakotoranga matua o "reta Pinyin + tohu huānga matū + tau Arapi," me ia tohu e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga rauemi motuhake. Kei raro nei he wehewehenga o ngā momo maitai noa:
1. Rino Hanganga Waro/Rino Hanganga Kaha-Teitei Koranu-Iti (Ngā Mea Tino Noa)
Hōputu Matua: Q + Uara Pūtake Hua + Tohu Māka Kounga + Tohu Tikanga Whakakorenga Waikura
• Q: I ahu mai i te reta tuatahi o te "pūwāhi hua" i roto i te pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), e tohu ana i te kaha hua hei tohu mahi matua.
• Uara tau: E tohu tika ana i te pūwāhi hua (waeine: MPa). Hei tauira, ko te Q235 e tohu ana i te pūwāhi hua ≥235 MPa, ko te Q345 ia e tohu ana i te ≥345 MPa.
• Tohu Tohu Kounga: E rima ngā tohu (A, B, C, D, E) e rite ana ki ngā whakaritenga pakari pānga mai i te iti ki te teitei (Kāore he whakamātautau pānga e hiahiatia ana mō te Tohu A; me whakamātautau pānga pāmahana iti te Tohu E -40°C). Hei tauira, ko te Q345D te tohu o te maitai iti-koranu me te kaha tuku o te 345 MPa me te kounga Tohu D.
• Ngā tohu tikanga tango-waikura: F (maitai rere-kore), b (maitai haurua-mate), Z (maitai mate), TZ (maitai motuhake mate). He pai ake te kounga o te maitai mate i te maitai rere-kore. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te mahi hangarau a Z, TZ rānei (tērā pea ka waihotia). Hei tauira, ko te Q235AF te tohu o te maitai rere-kore, ko te Q235B te tohu o te maitai haurua-mate (taunoa).
2. Rino Hanganga Waro Kounga-Teitei
Hōputu Matua: Tau mati-rua + (Mn)
• Tau mati-rua: E tohu ana i te nui o te waro toharite (e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā wāhanga mō ia tekau mano), hei tauira, ko te maitai 45 e tohu ana i te nui o te waro ≈ 0.45%, ko te maitai 20 e tohu ana i te nui o te waro ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: E tohu ana i te nui o te konupūmā (>0.7%). Hei tauira, ko te 50Mn e tohu ana i te maitai waro konupūmā teitei me te 0.50% waro.
3. Rino Hanganga Koranu
Hōputu matua: Tau mati-rua + tohu huānga koranu + tau + (ngā tohu huānga koranu kē atu + tau)
• Ngā mati tuatahi e rua: Ko te toharite o te ihirangi waro (mō ia tekau mano), hei tauira, ko te "40" i roto i te 40Cr e tohu ana i te ihirangi waro ≈ 0.40%.
• Ngā tohu huānga koranu: Ko te tikanga ko te Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), me ētahi atu, e tohu ana i ngā huānga koranu tuatahi.
• Mati e whai ake nei i te huānga: E tohu ana i te ihirangi toharite o te huānga koranu (i roto i te ōrau). Ko te ihirangi <1.5% kāore he mati; ko te 1.5%-2.49% e tohu ana i te "2", me ērā atu. Hei tauira, i roto i te 35CrMo, kāore he tau e whai ake nei i te "Cr" (ihirangi ≈ 1%), ā, kāore he tau e whai ake nei i te "Mo" (ihirangi ≈ 0.2%). E tohu ana tēnei i te maitai hanganga koranu me te 0.35% waro, kei roto ko te chromium me te molybdenum.
4. Rino Kowiri tira/Rino Ātete-wera
Hōputu Matua: Tau + Tohu Huānga Koranu + Tau + (Ētahi Atu Huānga)
• Tau matua: E tohu ana i te ihirangi waro toharite (i roto i ngā wāhanga mō ia mano), hei tauira, ko te "2" i roto i te 2Cr13 e tohu ana i te ihirangi waro ≈0.2%, ko te "0" i roto i te 0Cr18Ni9 e tohu ana i te ihirangi waro ≤0.08%.
• Tohu huānga koranu + tau: Ko ngā huānga pēnei i te Cr (chromium) Ni (nickel) rānei, ā, whai muri ko te tau, e tohu ana i te ihirangi huānga toharite (i roto i te ōrau). Hei tauira, ko te 1Cr18Ni9 e tohu ana i te maitai kore waikura austenitic me te 0.1% waro, 18% chromium, me te 9% nickel.
5. Rino Utauta Waro
Hōputu matua: T + tau
• T: I ahu mai i te reta tuatahi o te "waro" i roto i te pinyin (Tan), e tohu ana i te maitai taputapu waro.
• Tau: Te nui o te waro toharite (e whakaatuhia ana hei ōrau), hei tauira, ko te T8 e tohu ana i te nui o te waro ≈0.8%, ko te T12 e tohu ana i te nui o te waro ≈1.2%.
Ngā Tohu Rino o Amerika: Pūnaha ASTM/SAE
Ko ngā tohu maitai o Amerika e whai ana i ngā paerewa ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) me SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Ko te whakatakotoranga matua he "huinga tau + tāpiri reta," e whakanui ana i te whakarōpūtanga o te kounga maitai me te tautuhi i te ihirangi waro.
1. Maitai Waro me te Maitai Hanganga Koranu (SAE/ASTM Noa)
Hōputu Matua: Tau mati-whā + (whakamutunga reta)
• Ngā mati tuatahi e rua: Tohua te momo maitai me ngā huānga whakarewa tuatahi, hei "waehere whakarōpūtanga". Ko ngā hononga noa ko:
◦10XX: Maitai waro (kāore he huānga whakarewa), hei tauira, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: He maitai waro konupora-teitei (he nui te konupora 1.00%-1.65%), hei tauira, 1524.
◦41XX: Te maitai chromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), hei tauira, 4140.
◦43XX: Nikara-Kōromā-Moripenema maitai (nikara 1.65%-2.00%, kōromā 0.40%-0.60%), hei tauira, 4340.
◦30XX: Nikara-Kōromāuma maitai (kei roto ko te 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), hei tauira, 3040.
• Ngā mati e rua whakamutunga: E tohu ana i te ihirangi waro toharite (i roto i ngā wāhanga mō ia tekau mano), hei tauira, ko te 1045 e tohu ana i te ihirangi waro ≈ 0.45%, ko te 4140 e tohu ana i te ihirangi waro ≈ 0.40%.
• Ngā tāpiritanga reta: Whakaratohia ngā āhuatanga rauemi tāpiri, tae atu ki:
◦ B: Rino kei roto te boron (ka whakarei ake i te pakari), hei tauira, 10B38.
◦ L: Rino kei roto te mata (e āwhina ana i te mahi miihini), hei tauira, 12L14.
◦ H: Rino pakari kua whakamanahia, hei tauira, 4140H.
2. Kowiri tira (Ngā Paerewa ASTM te nuinga)
Hōputu Matua: Tau mati-toru (+ reta)
• Tau: E tohu ana i tētahi "tau raupapa" e rite ana ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga pumau. He rawaka te maumahara; kāore e hiahiatia te tatau. Ko ngā tohu ahumahi noa ko:
◦304: 18%-20% chromium, 8%-10.5% nickel, maitai kore waikura austenitic (te mea tino noa, ātete ki te waikura).
◦316: Tāpirihia te 2%-3% molybdenum ki te 304, e tuku ana i te ātete pai rawa atu ki te waikawa/karaka me te mahi pāmahana teitei.
◦430: 16%-18% chromium, maitai kore waikura ferritic (kore nikara, iti te utu, he ngāwari ki te waikura).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, maitai kore waikura martensitic (ka taea te whakapakeke, he tino pakeke).
• Ngā tāpiritanga reta: Hei tauira, ko te "L" i roto i te 304L e tohu ana i te waro iti (waro ≤0.03%), e whakaiti ana i te waikura intergranular i te wā whakarewa; ko te "H" i roto i te 304H e tohu ana i te waro teitei (waro 0.04%-0.10%), e whakarei ake ana i te kaha pāmahana teitei.
Ngā Rerekētanga Matua i waenga i ngā Tohu Paetae Hainamana me Amerika
1. Ngā Arorau Whakaingoa Rerekē
Ko ngā ture whakaingoa a Haina e whai whakaaro whānui ana ki te kaha hua, te nui o te waro, ngā huānga koranu, me ētahi atu, mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga o ngā reta, ngā tau, me ngā tohu huānga hei whakaatu tika i ngā āhuatanga o te maitai, hei āwhina i te maumahara me te mārama. Ko te nuinga o te US e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā raupapa tau hei tohu i ngā tohu me ngā hanganga maitai, he poto engari he uaua ake te whakamaori mā te hunga ehara i te tohunga.
2. Ngā Taipitopito i roto i te Whakaaturanga o te Huānga Koranu
Ka whakaratohia e Haina he whakaaturanga taipitopito o ngā huānga koranu, me te tautuhi i ngā tikanga tapanga i runga i ngā whānuitanga ihirangi rerekē; Ahakoa e tohu ana hoki te US i te ihirangi koranu, he rerekē tana tohu mō ngā huānga iti i ngā mahi a Haina.
3. Ngā Rerekētanga Manakohanga Taupānga
Nā te rerekētanga o ngā paerewa ahumahi me ngā mahi hanga, he rerekē ngā hiahia o Haina me te US mō ngā momo maitai motuhake i roto i ētahi tono. Hei tauira, i roto i te hanganga maitai hanganga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e Haina ngā maitai hanganga kaha-teitei he iti-koranu pērā i te Q345; ka taea e te US te whiriwhiri i ngā maitai e rite ana i runga i ngā paerewa ASTM.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-27-2025
