Ko ngā pua konutea he āhua mata e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te koiri konutea parakore kua pania ki te konutea wera-tō. Ina haere te rīpene maitai i roto i te kohua konutea, ka pania tōna mata ki te konutea rewa. I te wā e totoka ana tēnei paparanga konutea, ka puta te hanganga o ngā pua konutea i te hanganga o te hanganga me te tipu o ngā tioata konutea.
Ko te kupu "puāwai konutea" i ahu mai i ngā tioata konutea katoa e whakaatu ana i te āhua rite ki te hukarere. Ko te hanganga tioata konutea tino tika he rite ki te āhua hukarere, ki te āhua whetu hexagonal rānei. Nō reira, ko ngā tioata konutea i hangaia mā te whakapakeketanga ki runga i te mata rīpene i te wā e whakawerawerahia ana, tera pea ka whai i te tauira hukarere, whetu hexagonal rānei.
Ko te koiri maitai piauau e pā ana ki ngā rau maitai i tukatukahia mā roto i ngā tukanga piauau wera-tuku, hiko-piauau rānei, e tukuna ana i roto i te āhua koiri. Ko te tukanga piauau ko te here i te konutea rewa ki te koiri maitai hei whakarei ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura me te whakaroa i tōna roanga mahi. He whānuitia ngā tono mō tēnei rauemi puta noa i ngā mahi hanga, ngā taputapu kāinga, ngā motuka, ngā mīhini, me ētahi atu rāngai. Nā tōna ātete ki te waikura, tōna kaha, me tōna ngāwari ki te mahi, he tino pai mō ngā taiao o waho, o waho rānei.
Ngā āhuatanga matua okoiri maitai piauauwhakauru:
1. Ātete ki te Waikura: Ka tiakina e te paninga konutea te maitai o raro mai i te waikura me te waikura.
2. Ngāwari ki te mahi: Ka taea te tapahi, te piko, te whakarewa, me te tukatuka.
3. Kaha: Mā te kaha me te pakari teitei ka taea te tu atu i ētahi pēhanga me ngā kawenga.
4. Whakaotinga mata: Mata maeneene e tika ana mō te peita me te rehu.
Ko te whakapūmau puawai e pā ana ki te hanganga tūturu o ngā pua konutea ki runga i te mata i te wā e whakapūmau ana te konutea i raro i ngā tikanga paerewa. Heoi, ko te whakapūmau kore puawai me whakahaere ngā taumata mata i roto i ngā tawhā motuhake, me te whakamahi rānei i te maimoatanga motuhake ki te rīpene i muri i tana putanga mai i te kohua konutea kia puta ai he mutunga kore puawai. Ko ngā hua whakapūmau wera tōmua i kitea ai ngā pua konutea nā te mea he poke kei roto i te kaukau konutea. Nō reira, i honoa ngā pua konutea ki te whakapūmau wera tō. I te whanaketanga o te umanga motuka, ka raru ngā pua konutea mō ngā whakaritenga paninga i runga i ngā pepa motuka whakapūmau wera tō. I muri mai, mā te whakaiti i te ihirangi mata i roto i ngā poro konutea me te konutea rewa ki ngā taumata tekau o te ppm (ngā wāhanga ia miriona), i tutuki i a mātou te whakaputa hua kāore he pua konutea, he iti rānei.
| Pūnaha Paerewa | Tau Paerewa | Momo Pāpaka | Whakaahuatanga | Ngā tono / Ngā āhuatanga |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paerewa Pākehā (EN) | EN 10346 | Spangle Auau(N) | Kāore e hiahiatia he mana whakahaere mō te tukanga whakapakeke; ka taea te hanga i ngā rahi rerekē o ngā kirikiri, ngā mata kore-kirikiri rānei. | He iti te utu, he ātete ki te waikura; he pai mō ngā tono kāore e hiahiatia he āhua ataahua. |
| Pāpaka Iti (M) | He tukanga whakapakeketanga whakahaere kia puta ai ngā kanapa tino angiangi, e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga. | He maeneene ake te āhua o te mata; he pai mō te peita, mō ngā mahi rānei e hiahia ana kia pai ake te kounga o te mata. | ||
| Paerewa Hapanihi (JIS) | JIS G 3302 | Spangle Noa | He rite te whakarōpūtanga ki te paerewa EN; ka taea te hanga i ngā pīrori māori. | —— |
| Mini Spangle | Te whakapakeketanga whakahaeretia kia puta ai ngā kanapa angiangi (e kore e kitea wawetia e te kanohi tahanga). | —— | ||
| Paerewa Amerika (ASTM) | ASTM A653 | Spangle Auau | Kāore he mana whakahaere mō te whakapakeketanga; ka taea te hanga māori i ngā kōpura o ngā rahi rerekē. | E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā wāhanga hanganga me ngā tono ahumahi whānui. |
| Spangle Iti | Te whakapakeketanga whakahaeretia kia puta ai ngā kanapa angiangi ōrite, e kitea tonutia ana e te kanohi tahanga. | He āhua ōrite ake, me te whakataurite i te utu me te ataahua. | ||
| Kore Spangle | Ko te hua o te whakahaere tukanga motuhake he tino moroiti, he kore rānei e kitea ngā kanapa (kāore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga). | He mata maeneene, he mea tino pai mō te peita, mō ngā rau kua pania ki te koiri, me ngā tono āhua ataahua. | ||
| Paerewa ā-Motu o Haina (GB/T) | GB/T 2518 | Spangle Auau | He rite te whakarōpūtanga ki te paerewa ASTM; ka taea te hanga i ngā kōwhai māori. | He whānuitia te whakamahinga, he iti te utu, ā, he whai hua hoki. |
| Spangle Iti | He pai, he ōrite te horapa o ngā pīataata, e kitea ana engari he iti ki te kanohi tahanga. | Ka whakataurite i te āhua me te mahi. | ||
| Kore Spangle | Ka whakahaerehia e te tukanga hei whakaputa i ngā pīataata tino angiangi, e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga. | E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko, i ngā motuka, me ngā papa maitai kua peitahia kētia, he mea nui te āhua o te mata. |
Ngā ahumahi e pai ake ana ki ngā pepa piauau me ngā putiputi konutea:
1. Te hanga ahumahi whānui: Hei tauira, ko ngā wāhanga miihini paerewa, ngā whata, me ngā taputapu rokiroki, kāore i te tino hira te āhua ataahua, engari he nui ake te aro ki te utu me te ātete ki te waikura taketake.
2. Ngā Hanganga Whare: I roto i ngā tono hanganga nui kāore i te ātaahua pērā i ngā whare wheketere, i ngā anga tautoko whare putunga rānei, ka whakaratohia e ngā pepa konutea putiputi konutea he tiaki e tika ana i te utu iti.
Ngā ahumahi e pai ake ana ki ngā pepa konutea kore-konutea:
1. Te Hanganga Waka: Ko ngā panera o waho me ngā wāhanga whakapaipai o roto e hiahia ana ki te kounga teitei o te mata. Ko te mutunga maeneene o te maitai piauau kore-konutea ka āwhina i te piri o te peita me te paninga, kia pai ai te āhua me te kounga.
2. Ngā Taputapu Kāinga Utu Nui: Me ātaahua te āhua me te papatahi o ngā anga o waho mō ngā pouaka whakamātao kounga teitei, ngā hauhautanga, me ētahi atu, hei whakarei ake i te kakano o te hua me te uara e kitea ana.
3. Ahumahi Hikohiko: Mō ngā whare hua hikohiko me ngā wāhanga hanganga o roto, ko te maitai piauau kore-konutea te mea e whiriwhiria ana hei whakarite i te kawe hiko pai me te whai huatanga o te maimoatanga mata.
4. Ahumahi Taputapu Hauora: Mā ngā whakaritenga pakari mō te kounga me te akuaku o te mata o te hua, ka tutuki i te maitai piauau kore-konutea te hiahia mō te horoi me te maeneene.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Utu
He māmā ake ngā tukanga whakaputa mō ngā pepa maitai piauau me ngā putiputi konutea, ā, he iti ake ngā utu. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he whakahaere tukanga pakari ake mō te hanga pepa maitai piauau kore-konutea, ā, ka piki ake te utu.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-05-2025
