Nkọwa ziri ezi nke ọkwa ígwè dị oke mkpa iji hụ na ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ na nchekwa ọrụ na nhazi ígwè, nzụta, na owuwu. Ọ bụ ezie na sistemụ nhazi ígwè nke mba abụọ ahụ nwere njikọ, ha na-egosipụtakwa ọdịiche dị iche iche. Nghọta zuru oke nke ọdịiche ndị a dị oke mkpa maka ndị ọkachamara n'ọrụ.
Aha Ígwè Ndị China
Aha ígwè ndị China na-agbaso usoro isi nke "mkpụrụedemede Pinyin + akara kemịkalụ + ọnụọgụ Arabic," yana mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla na-anọchite anya ihe onwunwe ụfọdụ. N'okpuru ebe a bụ nkọwa nke ụdị ígwè a na-ahụkarị:
1. Ígwè Carbon/Ígwè Alloy Dị Ike Dị Elu (Ọkachasị A Na-ahụkarị)
Usoro Isi: Q + Uru Isi Mmepụta + Akara Ọkwa Ogo + Akara Usoro Mmebi Oxidation
• Q: E si na mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke "ebe a na-enye ihe" na pinyin (Qu Fu Dian) nweta ya, nke na-egosi ike mmepụta dị ka ihe ngosi arụmọrụ bụ isi.
• Uru ọnụọgụgụ: Na-egosi kpọmkwem ebe mkpụrụ ga-amịpụta (unit: MPa). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Q235 na-egosi ebe mkpụrụ ga-amịpụta ≥235 MPa, ebe Q345 na-egosi ≥345 MPa.
• Akara Ogo: E kewara ya n'ime akara ise (A, B, C, D, E) nke kwekọrọ na ihe achọrọ maka ike mmetụta site na obere ruo elu (Ọkwa A achọghị nnwale mmetụta; Ọkwa E chọrọ nnwale mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ala -40°C). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Q345D na-egosi ígwè dị ala nke nwere ike mmepụta nke 345 MPa na ogo Ọkwa D.
• Ihe nnọchianya usoro deoxidation: F (ígwè na-agba ọsọ n'efu), b (ígwè e gburu ọkara), Z (ígwè e gburu egbu), TZ (ígwè e gburu pụrụ iche). Ígwè e gburu egbu na-enye ezigbo mma karịa ígwè na-agba ọsọ n'efu. A na-ejikarị Z ma ọ bụ TZ eme ihe n'ọrụ injinia (enwere ike ịhapụ ya). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Q235AF na-egosi ígwè na-agba ọsọ n'efu, ebe Q235B na-egosi ígwè na-agba ọsọ n'efu (nke ndabara).
2. Ígwè Ejiri Kabọn Mee Ka Ọ Dị Elu
Usoro Isi: Nọmba ọnụọgụ abụọ + (Mn)
• Nọmba ọnụọgụ abụọ: Na-anọchite anya nkezi ọdịnaya carbon (nke e gosipụtara n'akụkụ kwa puku iri), dịka ọmụmaatụ, ígwè 45 na-egosi ọdịnaya carbon ≈ 0.45%, ígwè 20 na-egosi ọdịnaya carbon ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Na-egosi oke ọdịnaya manganese (>0.7%). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 50Mn na-egosi ígwè carbon nwere nnukwu manganese nwere 0.50% carbon.
3. Ígwè Alloy Structural
Usoro isi: Nọmba ọnụọgụ abụọ + akara ihe alloy + nọmba + (akara ihe alloy ndị ọzọ + nọmba)
• Nọmba abụọ mbụ: Nkezi ọdịnaya carbon (kwa puku iri), dịka ọmụmaatụ, "40" na 40Cr na-anọchite anya ọdịnaya carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Ihe nnọchianya nke ihe mejupụtara alloy: Ọtụtụ mgbe, Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), wdg, na-anọchite anya ihe mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị bụ isi.
• Dee ihe na-eso ya: Na-egosi nkezi ọdịnaya nke ihe alloy (na pasentị). Ọdịnaya <1.5% anaghị ewepụ otu ọnụọgụ; 1.5%-2.49% na-egosi "2", wdg. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 35CrMo, ọ dịghị ọnụọgụ na-eso "Cr" (ọdịnaya ≈ 1%), ọ dịghịkwa ọnụọgụ na-eso "Mo" (ọdịnaya ≈ 0.2%). Nke a na-egosi ígwè nhazi alloy nwere 0.35% carbon, nke nwere chromium na molybdenum.
4. Ígwè anaghị agba nchara/Ígwè na-eguzogide okpomọkụ
Usoro Isi: Nọmba + Akara Ihe Alloy + Nọmba + (Ihe Ndị Ọzọ)
• Nọmba ndu: Na-anọchite anya nkezi ọdịnaya carbon (n'ime akụkụ kwa puku), dịka ọmụmaatụ, "2" na 2Cr13 na-egosi ọdịnaya carbon ≈0.2%, "0" na 0Cr18Ni9 na-egosi ọdịnaya carbon ≤0.08%.
• Akara ihe mejupụtara alloy + nọmba: Ihe ndị dị ka Cr (chromium) ma ọ bụ Ni (nickel) nke ọnụọgụgụ sochiri na-egosi nkezi ọdịnaya ihe mejupụtara (na pasentị). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 1Cr18Ni9 na-egosi ígwè anaghị agba nchara austenitic nwere 0.1% carbon, 18% chromium, na 9% nickel.
5. Ngwá Ọrụ Carbon Ígwè
Usoro isi: Nọmba T +
• T: E si na mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke "carbon" dị na pinyin (Tan) nweta ya, nke na-anọchite anya ígwè ngwaọrụ carbon.
• Ọnụọgụgụ: Nkezi ọdịnaya kabọn (e gosipụtara dị ka pasentị), dịka ọmụmaatụ, T8 na-egosi ọdịnaya kabọn ≈0.8%, T12 na-egosi ọdịnaya kabọn ≈1.2%.
Nhazi ígwè nke US: Sistemụ ASTM/SAE
Aha ígwè nke US na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) na SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Usoro isi ya nwere "njikọta ọnụọgụgụ + mgbakwunye mkpụrụedemede," na-emesi ike nhazi ọkwa ígwè na njirimara ọdịnaya carbon.
1. Ígwè Carbon na Alloy Structural Steel (SAE/ASTM Common)
Usoro Isi: Nọmba ọnụọgụ anọ + (mgbakwunye mkpụrụedemede)
• Nọmba abụọ mbụ: Depụta ụdị ígwè na ihe ndị bụ isi na-agwakọta ihe, na-eje ozi dị ka "koodu nhazi." Mmekọrịta ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:
◦10XX: Ígwè carbon (enweghị ihe ndị na-agbakọta agbakọta), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Ígwè carbon dị elu nke nwere manganese (ọdịnaya manganese 1.00%-1.65%), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 1524.
◦41XX: Ígwè Chromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 4140.
◦43XX: Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 4340.
◦30XX: Nickel-Chromium Steel (nwere 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 3040.
• Nọmba abụọ ikpeazụ: Na-anọchite anya nkezi ọdịnaya carbon (n'ime akụkụ kwa puku iri), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 1045 na-egosi ọdịnaya carbon ≈ 0.45%, 4140 na-egosi ọdịnaya carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Mgbakwunye mkpụrụedemede: Nye ihe ndị ọzọ e ji mee ihe, nke gụnyere:
◦ B: Ígwè nwere boron (na-eme ka ike sie ike ka mma), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 10B38.
◦ L: Ígwè nwere lead (na-eme ka igwe rụọ ọrụ nke ọma), dịka ọmụmaatụ, 12L14.
◦ H: Ígwè siri ike nke a na-ekwe nkwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, 4140H.
2. Ígwè anaghị agba nchara (Ọkachasị ASTM Standards)
Usoro Isi: Nọmba ọnụọgụ atọ (+ mkpụrụedemede)
• Nọmba: Na-anọchite anya "nọmba usoro" nke dabara na nhazi na ihe onwunwe edobere. Ibute ihe n'isi ezuola; ngụkọ adịghị mkpa. Akara ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:
◦304: 18%-20% chromium, 8%-10.5% nickel, austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (nke a na-ahụkarị, na-eguzogide nchara).
◦316: Na-agbakwụnye 2%-3% molybdenum na 304, na-enye ike iguzogide acid/alkali dị elu yana arụmọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu.
◦430: 16%-18% chromium, ígwè anaghị agba nchara ferritic (enweghị nickel, ọnụ ala dị ala, ọ na-adị mfe ịcha nchara).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, ígwè anaghị agba nchara martensitic (ike siri ike, ike siri ike dị elu).
• Mgbakwunye mkpụrụedemede: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "L" dị na 304L na-egosi obere carbon (carbon ≤0.03%), na-ebelata nchara dị n'etiti granular n'oge ịgbado ọkụ; "H" dị na 304H na-egosi nnukwu carbon (carbon 0.04%-0.10%), na-eme ka ike okpomọkụ dị elu ka mma.
Isi Ihe Dị Iche n'etiti Nhọpụta Akara Ndị Chaịna na Ndị Amerịka
1. Usoro Ịkpọ Aha Dị Iche Iche
Iwu aha nke China na-atụle ike mmepụta, ọdịnaya carbon, ihe ndị mejupụtara alloy, wdg nke ọma, site na iji njikọta nke mkpụrụedemede, ọnụọgụgụ, na akara ihe iji gosipụta ihe ndị e ji ígwè mee kpọmkwem, na-eme ka ncheta na nghọta dị mfe. US na-adaberekarị na usoro ọnụọgụgụ iji gosipụta ọkwa na ihe mejupụtara ígwè, nke dị mkpirikpi mana ọ na-esiri ndị na-abụghị ọkachamara ike ịkọwa.
2. Nkọwa dị na Nnọchiteanya Ihe Ejiri Alloy mee
China na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke ihe ndị mejupụtara alloy, na-akọwapụta ụzọ akara dabere na oke ọdịnaya dị iche iche; Ọ bụ ezie na US na-egosikwa ọdịnaya alloy, ihe e dere maka ihe ndị sitere na ya dị iche na omume China.
3. Ihe dị iche na mmasị ngwa
N'ihi ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ na usoro owuwu dị iche iche, China na US na-egosipụta mmasị dị iche iche maka ọkwa ígwè kpọmkwem n'ọtụtụ ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'iwu ụlọ ígwè, China na-ejikarị ígwè dị ike dị ala dị ka Q345; US nwere ike ịhọrọ ígwè kwekọrọ dabere na ọkọlọtọ ASTM.
Oge ozi: Ọktoba-27-2025
