Kev txhais cov qib hlau kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom cov khoom siv ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov haujlwm hauv kev tsim qauv hlau, kev yuav khoom, thiab kev tsim kho. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem ntsuas hlau ntawm ob lub tebchaws muaj kev sib txuas, lawv kuj qhia txog qhov sib txawv. Kev nkag siab zoo txog cov kev sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev lag luam.
Cov Npe Hlau Suav
Cov npe hlau Suav ua raws li hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm "Pinyin tsab ntawv + cim tshuaj lom neeg + tus lej Arabic," nrog txhua tus cim sawv cev rau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Hauv qab no yog kev faib tawm los ntawm cov hom hlau feem ntau:
1. Cov Hlau Uas Muaj Carbon/Cov Hlau Uas Muaj Zog Tsawg (Feem Ntau)
Hom Ntawv Tseem Ceeb: Q + Tus Nqi Qis + Lub Cim Qib Zoo + Lub Cim Txoj Kev Deoxidation
• Q: Muab los ntawm tsab ntawv pib ntawm "yield point" hauv pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), uas qhia txog lub zog ntawm cov qoob loo ua qhov qhia txog kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb.
• Tus nqi lej: Qhia ncaj qha rau qhov yield point (unit: MPa). Piv txwv li, Q235 qhia txog qhov yield point ≥235 MPa, thaum Q345 qhia txog ≥345 MPa.
• Lub Cim Qib Zoo: Muab faib ua tsib qib (A, B, C, D, E) raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tawv ntawm qis mus rau siab (Qib A tsis tas yuav sim ua kom tawv; Qib E xav tau -40°C sim ua kom tawv kub qis). Piv txwv li, Q345D qhia txog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nrog lub zog tso zis ntawm 345 MPa thiab qib D zoo.
• Cov cim qhia txog txoj kev deoxidation: F (hlau khiav dawb), b (hlau tua ib nrab), Z (hlau tua), TZ (hlau tua tshwj xeeb). Cov hlau tua muaj qhov zoo dua li cov hlau khiav dawb. Kev xyaum ua engineering feem ntau siv Z lossis TZ (tej zaum yuav tsis suav nrog). Piv txwv li, Q235AF txhais tau tias hlau khiav dawb, thaum Q235B txhais tau tias hlau tua ib nrab (ua ntej).
2. Cov Hlau Carbon Structural Zoo
Hom Ntawv Tseem Ceeb: Tus lej ob tus lej + (Mn)
• Tus lej ob tug lej: Sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus carbon nruab nrab (qhia ua ntu ib kaum txhiab), piv txwv li, 45 hlau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈ 0.45%, 20 hlau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Qhia txog cov manganese uas muaj ntau (>0.7%). Piv txwv li, 50Mn qhia txog cov hlau carbon uas muaj manganese ntau nrog 0.50% carbon.
3. Cov Hlau Sib Xyaws
Hom ntawv tseem ceeb: Tus lej ob tus lej + lub cim alloy + tus lej + (lwm cov cim alloy + tus lej)
• Ob tus lej thawj zaug: Cov pa roj carbon nruab nrab (ib kaum txhiab), piv txwv li, "40" hauv 40Cr sawv cev rau cov pa roj carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Cov cim ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw: Feem ntau yog Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), thiab lwm yam, uas sawv cev rau cov khoom sib xyaw thawj zaug.
• Tus lej tom qab cov khoom: Qhia txog cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw (hauv feem pua). Cov ntsiab lus <1.5% tsis suav tus lej; 1.5%-2.49% qhia txog "2", thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, hauv 35CrMo, tsis muaj tus lej tom qab "Cr" (cov ntsiab lus ≈ 1%), thiab tsis muaj tus lej tom qab "Mo" (cov ntsiab lus ≈ 0.2%). Qhov no qhia txog cov hlau sib xyaw nrog 0.35% carbon, muaj chromium thiab molybdenum.
4. Hlau Tsis Xeb / Hlau Tiv Thaiv Kub
Hom Ntawv Tseem Ceeb: Tus lej + Cov Cim Qhia Txog Cov Khoom Sib Xyaws + Tus lej + (Lwm Cov Khoom)
• Tus lej ua ntej: Sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus carbon nruab nrab (hauv ib feem ntawm ib txhiab), piv txwv li, "2" hauv 2Cr13 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈0.2%, "0" hauv 0Cr18Ni9 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≤0.08%.
• Cov cim qhia txog cov khoom sib xyaw + tus lej: Cov khoom xws li Cr (chromium) lossis Ni (nickel) ua raws li tus lej qhia txog cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab (hauv feem pua). Piv txwv li, 1Cr18Ni9 qhia txog cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic nrog 0.1% carbon, 18% chromium, thiab 9% nickel.
5. Cov Hlau Cuab Yeej Carbon
Hom ntawv tseem ceeb: T + tus lej
• T: Muab los ntawm tsab ntawv pib ntawm "carbon" hauv pinyin (Tan), sawv cev rau cov hlau siv ua cov cuab yeej carbon.
• Tus lej: Cov ntsiab lus carbon nruab nrab (qhia ua feem pua), piv txwv li, T8 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈0.8%, T12 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈1.2%.
Cov Qauv Hlau Hauv Tebchaws Meskas: ASTM/SAE System
Cov qauv hlau hauv Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau ua raws li ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) thiab SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) cov qauv. Cov qauv tseem ceeb muaj "kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tus lej + tsab ntawv tom qab," uas hais txog kev faib qib hlau thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus carbon.
1. Cov Hlau Carbon thiab Cov Hlau Alloy Structural (SAE/ASTM Common)
Hom Ntawv Tseem Ceeb: Tus lej plaub tus lej + (tsab ntawv tom qab)
• Ob tug lej thawj zaug: Qhia txog hom hlau thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, ua haujlwm ua "tus lej faib tawm." Cov kev sib raug zoo feem ntau suav nrog:
◦10XX: Cov hlau carbon (tsis muaj cov khoom sib xyaw), piv txwv li, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Cov hlau carbon uas muaj manganese ntau (manganese cov ntsiab lus 1.00%-1.65%), piv txwv li, 1524.
◦41XX: Chromium-molybdenum hlau (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), piv txwv li, 4140.
◦43XX: Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), piv txwv li, 4340.
◦30XX: Nickel-Chromium Steel (muaj 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), piv txwv li, 3040.
• Ob tus lej kawg: Sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus carbon nruab nrab (hauv ib feem ntawm kaum txhiab), piv txwv li, 1045 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈ 0.45%, 4140 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Cov ntawv tom qab: Muab cov khoom siv ntxiv, feem ntau suav nrog:
◦ B: Cov hlau uas muaj boron (ua rau nws tawv dua), piv txwv li, 10B38.
◦ L: Cov hlau uas muaj txhuas (ua rau kev siv tshuab yooj yim dua), piv txwv li, 12L14.
◦ H: Cov hlau uas ruaj khov tau lees tias yuav khov tau, piv txwv li, 4140H.
2. Hlau Tsis Xeb (Feem ntau yog ASTM Cov Qauv)
Hom Ntawv Tseem Ceeb: Tus lej peb tus lej (+ tsab ntawv)
• Tus lej: Sawv cev rau "tus lej sib law liag" uas sib raug rau cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov khoom ruaj khov. Kev cim xeeb txaus; kev xam tsis tas yuav tsum tau. Cov qib kev lag luam feem ntau suav nrog:
◦304: 18% -20% chromium, 8% -10.5% nickel, austenitic stainless hlau (feem ntau, tiv taus corrosion).
◦316: Ntxiv 2% -3% molybdenum rau 304, muab kev tiv thaiv acid / alkali zoo dua thiab kev ua haujlwm kub siab.
◦430: 16% -18% chromium, ferritic stainless hlau (tsis muaj nickel, pheej yig, yooj yim xeb).
◦410: 11.5% -13.5% chromium, martensitic stainless hlau (hardenable, siab hardness).
• Cov ntawv tom qab: Piv txwv li, tus "L" hauv 304L qhia txog cov pa roj carbon tsawg (carbon ≤0.03%), txo cov xeb intergranular thaum vuam; tus "H" hauv 304H qhia txog cov pa roj carbon ntau (carbon 0.04%-0.10%), ua kom muaj zog thaum kub siab.
Qhov Sib Txawv Tseem Ceeb Ntawm Cov Qib Suav thiab Asmeskas
1. Cov Kev Xav Txog Kev Muab Lub Npe Txawv
Cov cai ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub npe suav nrog kev xav txog lub zog ntawm cov hlau, cov pa roj carbon, cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab lwm yam, siv cov ntawv, cov lej, thiab cov cim ntawm cov hlau los qhia meej txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, ua rau kev nco qab thiab kev nkag siab yooj yim dua. Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau siv cov lej los qhia txog cov qib thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau, uas luv luv tab sis nyuaj rau cov neeg tsis paub txog kev txhais lus.
2. Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Sawv Cev ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Alloy
Tuam Tshoj muab cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, qhia meej txog cov txheej txheem sau npe raws li cov ntsiab lus sib txawv; Txawm hais tias Asmeskas kuj qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, nws cov lus cim rau cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws txawv ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov kev coj ua.
3. Qhov Txawv ntawm Kev Nyiam Siv Daim Ntawv Thov
Vim muaj ntau yam qauv kev lag luam thiab kev coj ua hauv kev tsim kho, Tuam Tshoj thiab Asmeskas nyiam cov qib hlau tshwj xeeb hauv qee yam kev siv. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim kho hlau, Tuam Tshoj feem ntau siv cov hlau tsis tshua muaj zog thiab muaj zog xws li Q345; Asmeskas tuaj yeem xaiv cov hlau sib xws raws li cov qauv ASTM.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Hli-27-2025
