Ukutolikwa ngokuchanekileyo kwamabakala ensimbi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa kwezinto kunye nokhuseleko lweprojekthi kwisakhiwo sentsimbi, ukuthengwa kunye nokwakhiwa. Ngelixa iisistim zentsimbi zodidi lwamazwe omabini zabelana ngoqhagamshelwano, zikwabonisa umahluko owahlukileyo. Ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kolu mahluko kubalulekile kwiingcali zoshishino.
Ukutyunjwa kwentsimbi yaseTshayina
Izibizo zentsimbi yaseTshayina zilandela ifomathi engundoqo "yeleta yePinyin + isimboli yekhemikhali + inombolo yesiArabhu," unobumba ngamnye omele iimpawu ezithile zemathiriyeli. Apha ngezantsi kukwaphulwa kweentlobo zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo:
1. Intsimbi yeCarbon Structural Steel/Low-Alloy High-Strength Structural Steel (Eyona iqhelekileyo)
Ubume obungundoqo: Q + Ixabiso leNqaku leSivuno + iSimboli yoMgangatho weBanga + iSimboli seNdlela yokuDityaniswa
• Umbuzo: Ithatyathwe kwileta yokuqala “yenqaku lesivuno” kwi-pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), ebonisa amandla esivuno njengesona salathisi somsebenzi.
• Ixabiso lamanani: Ibonisa ngokuthe ngqo indawo yesivuno (iyunithi: MPa). Ngokomzekelo, i-Q235 ibonisa inqaku lesivuno ≥235 MPa, ngelixa i-Q345 ibonisa ≥345 MPa.
• ISimboli yoMgangatho weBanga: Ihlelwe ngokwamabakala amahlanu (A, B, C, D, E) ngokuhambelana neemfuno zokuqina kwempembelelo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu (iBakala A alifuni uvavanyo lwempembelelo; iBakala E lifuna -40°C uvavanyo lwefuthe lobushushu obuphantsi). Ngokomzekelo, i-Q345D ichaza insimbi ephantsi kwe-alloy enamandla emveliso ye-345 MPa kunye nomgangatho weBanga D.
• Iisimboli zendlela ye-deoxidation: F (intsimbi esebenza ngokukhululekileyo), b (intsimbi efileyo), Z (intsimbi ebuleweyo), i-TZ (intsimbi ekhethekileyo ebuleweyo). Intsimbi ebuleweyo inika umgangatho ophezulu kwintsimbi esebenza simahla. Ubunjineli buqhele ukusebenzisa u-Z okanye u-TZ (usenokushiywa). Umzekelo, i-Q235AF ichaza intsimbi esebenza simahla, ngelixa i-Q235B ibonisa intsimbi ebuleweyo (engagqibekanga).
2. Umgangatho ophezulu weCarbon Structural Steel
Ubume obungundoqo: Inombolo enamanani amabini + (Mn)
• Inombolo yeedijithi ezimbini: Imele umxholo wekhabhoni ophakathi (ovezwe kwiindawo ngewaka lamawaka), umzekelo, i-45 insimbi ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, i-20 yensimbi ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.20%.
• UMn: Ibonisa umxholo wemanganese ophezulu (>0.7%). Ngokomzekelo, i-50Mn ibonisa i-high-manganese carbon steel ene-0.50% yekhabhoni.
3. I-alloy Structural Steel
Ifomathi engundoqo: Inombolo enamanani amabini + isimboli yesiqalelo sengxubevange + inombolo + (ezinye iisimboli zealloyi + amanani)
• Amanani amabini okuqala: I-avareji yesiqulatho sekhabhoni (kwiwaka lamawaka ngalinye), umz., “40” kwi-40Cr imele umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Iimpawu ze-alloy element: Ngokuqhelekileyo i-Cr (i-chromium), i-Mn (i-manganese), i-Si (i-silicon), i-Ni (i-nickel), i-Mo (i-molybdenum), njl., emele i-primary alloying elements.
• IDigit ilandelayo element: Ibonisa umxholo we alloy element (ngepesenti). Umxholo <1.5% ushiya idijithi; I-1.5% -2.49% ichaza "2", njalo njalo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-35CrMo, akukho nombolo ilandelayo "Cr" (umxholo ≈ 1%), kwaye akukho nombolo ilandelayo "Mo" (umxholo ≈ 0.2%). Oku kubonisa i-alloy structural iron ene-0.35% carbon, equlethe i-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum.
4. Isinyithi esingenasici / iNtsimbi enganyangekiyo kubushushu
Ubume obungundoqo: Inani + i-alloy Element Symbol + Inombolo + (Ezinye izinto)
• Inombolo ekhokelayo: Imele umxholo wekhabhoni ophakathi (kwiinxalenye ngewaka), umzekelo, "2" kwi-2Cr13 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈0.2%, "0" kwi-0Cr18Ni9 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≤0.08%.
• Isimboli yesiqalelo sengxubevange + nenani: Izinto ezifana neCr (chromium) okanye iNi (nickel) elandelwa linani elibonisa umxholo wento engumndilili (ngepesenti). Ngokomzekelo, i-1Cr18Ni9 ibonisa i-austenitic stainless steel kunye ne-0.1% ye-carbon, i-18% ye-chromium, kunye ne-nickel ye-9%.
5. Carbon Tool Steel
Ifomathi engundoqo: T + inombolo
• T: Ithatyathwe kwileta yokuqala ye "carbon" kwi-pinyin (Tan), emele i-carbon tool steel.
• Inombolo: Umyinge womxholo wekhabhoni (echazwa njengepesenti), umzekelo, i-T8 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈0.8%, i-T12 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈1.2%.
I-US Steel Designations: ASTM / SAE System
Ukutyunjwa kwensimbi yase-US ngokuyinhloko kulandela i-ASTM (i-American Society for Testing and Materials) kunye nemigangatho ye-SAE (i-Society of Automotive Engineers). Ifomathi engundoqo iqulethe "inhlanganisela yamanani + isimamva soonobumba," igxininisa ukuhlelwa kwebakala lensimbi kunye nokuchongwa komxholo wekhabhoni.
1. Intsimbi yeCarbon kunye neAlloy Structural Steel (SAE/ASTM Common)
Ubume obungundoqo: Inombolo enamanani amane + (isimamva soonobumba)
• Amanani amabini okuqala: Chaza uhlobo lwentsimbi kunye nezinto eziphambili zokuhlanganisa, ezisebenza "njengekhowudi yokuhlela." Iimbalelwano eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
◦10XX: Intsimbi yeCarbon (akukho zixhobo zokudibanisa), umzekelo, i-1008, i-1045.
◦15XX: I-high-manganese carbon steel (i-manganese umxholo we-1.00% -1.65%), umzekelo, i-1524.
◦41XX: Insimbi ye-Chromium-molybdenum (i-chromium 0.50% -0.90%, i-molybdenum 0.12% -0.20%), umzekelo, i-4140.
◦43XX: I-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (i-nickel 1.65% -2.00%, i-chromium 0.40% -0.60%), umz, i-4340.
◦30XX: I-Nickel-Chromium Steel (equkethe i-2.00% -2.50% Ni, 0.70% -1.00% Cr), umz, i-3040.
• Idijithi ezimbini zokugqibela: Zimele i-avareji yesiqulatho sekhabhoni (kwiinxalenye ngeshumi lamawaka), umzekelo, i-1045 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, i-4140 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Izimamva zoonobumba: Ukubonelela ngeempawu zemathiriyeli ezongezelelweyo, ezidla ngokuquka:
◦ B: Insimbi ene-Boron (iphucula ukuqina), umzekelo, i-10B38.
◦ L: Insimbi ene-lead (iququzelela ukucwangciswa), umzekelo, i-12L14.
◦ H: Intsimbi eqinisekisiweyo yokuqina, umzekelo, i-4140H.
2. iStainless Steel (Ngokuyintloko iMigangatho ye-ASTM)
Ubume obungundoqo: Inombolo enamanani amathathu (+ unobumba)
• Inani: Imele "inombolo yolandelelwano" ehambelana nokwakheka okusisigxina kunye neepropati. Ukunkqaya kwanele; ukubala akuyomfuneko. Amanqaku oshishino afanayo aquka:
◦304: 18% -20% chromium, 8% -10.5% nickel, i-austenitic stainless steel (ixhaphake kakhulu, i-corrosion resistant).
◦316: Yongeza i-2% -3% ye-molybdenum kwi-304, inika i-acid ephezulu / i-alkali ukumelana nokusebenza okuphezulu kobushushu.
◦430: I-16% -18% i-chromium, i-ferritic stainless steel (i-nickel-free, ixabiso eliphantsi, elixhomekeke kwi-rust).
◦410: 11.5% -13.5% i-chromium, i-martensitic stainless steel (inzima, ubunzima obuphezulu).
• Izimamva zeleta: Umzekelo, "L" kwi-304L ichaza i-carbon ephantsi (ikhabhoni ≤0.03%), ukunciphisa i-intergranular corrosion ngexesha le-welding; i "H" kwi-304H ibonisa i-carbon ephezulu (i-carbon 0.04% -0.10%), ephucula amandla aphezulu okushisa.
Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kweTshayina kunye ne-American Grade Designations
1. IiNgcebiso zokuthiya amagama ahlukeneyo
Imithetho yokubiza amagama yaseTshayina iqwalasela ngokubanzi amandla esivuno, umxholo wekhabhoni, i-alloy element, njl., usebenzisa indibaniselwano yoonobumba, amanani, kunye neesimboli zezinto ukuhambisa ngokuchanekileyo iipropathi zentsimbi, ukuququzelela ukukhumbula kunye nokuqonda. I-US ixhomekeke ikakhulu kulandelelwano lwamanani ukubonisa amanqanaba entsimbi kunye nokwakheka, okukufutshane kodwa kube ngumngeni kancinane kwabo bangezongcali ukuba batolike.
2. Iinkcukacha kwi-Alloy Element Representation
I-China inikeza ukubonakaliswa okucacileyo kwezinto ze-alloy, ukucacisa iindlela zokuleyibheli ngokusekelwe kuluhlu oluhlukeneyo lomxholo; Ngelixa i-US ikwabonisa umxholo wealloyi, ubhalo lwayo lwezinto zomkhondo zahlukile kwiinkqubo zaseTshayina.
3. Iiyantlukwano zokuKhetha izicelo
Ngenxa yokwahluka kwemigangatho yoshishino kunye nezenzo zokwakha, iChina kunye ne-US zibonisa ukhetho olwahlukileyo lwamabakala athile entsimbi kwizicelo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, kulwakhiwo lwensimbi yesakhiwo, i-China ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa i-alloy low-alloy high-high-strength-structural steels njenge-Q345; i-US inokukhetha iintsimbi ezihambelanayo ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho ye-ASTM.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-27-2025
