Ukutolikwa ngokuchanekileyo kwamanqanaba entsimbi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa kwezinto kunye nokhuseleko lweprojekthi kuyilo lwesinyithi solwakhiwo, ukuthengwa, kunye nokwakhiwa. Nangona iinkqubo zokulinganisa intsimbi zamazwe omabini zabelana ngonxibelelwano, zikwabonisa umahluko owahlukileyo. Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo la mahluko kubalulekile kwiingcali zoshishino.
Iimpawu zeNsimbi yaseTshayina
Amagama entsimbi yaseTshayina alandela ifomathi engundoqo "yenobumba wePinyin + uphawu lwento yekhemikhali + inani lesiArabhu," apho unobumba ngamnye umele iimpawu ezithile zezinto. Apha ngezantsi kukho uhlalutyo ngokweentlobo zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo:
1. Intsimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni/intsimbi yesakhiwo esiphantsi enamandla aphezulu (eqhelekileyo)
Uhlobo oluPhambili: Q + Yield Point Value + Quality Grade Symbol + Deoxidation Method Symbol
• Umbuzo: Ivela kunobumba wokuqala othi “inqanaba lokukhupha” kwi-pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), nto leyo ebonisa amandla okukhupha njengesalathisi esiphambili sokusebenza.
• Ixabiso lenani: Libonisa ngokuthe ngqo inqaku le-yield (iyunithi: MPa). Umzekelo, i-Q235 ibonisa inqaku le-yield ≥235 MPa, ngelixa i-Q345 ibonisa i-≥345 MPa.
• Uphawu lweBanga loMgangatho: Luhlulwe ngokwamanqanaba amahlanu (A, B, C, D, E) ahambelana neemfuno zokuqina kwempembelelo ukusuka kwesezantsi ukuya kwephezulu (IBanga A alifuni vavanyo lwempembelelo; IBanga E lifuna uvavanyo lwempembelelo oluphantsi kobushushu obuphantsi obuyi--40°C). Umzekelo, i-Q345D imele intsimbi ene-alloy ephantsi enamandla okuvelisa angama-345 MPa kunye nomgangatho weBanga D.
• Iimpawu zendlela yokususa i-oxidation: F (intsimbi ebalekayo ngokukhululekileyo), b (intsimbi ebuleweyo kancinci), Z (intsimbi ebuleweyo), TZ (intsimbi ebuleweyo ekhethekileyo). Intsimbi ebuleweyo inika umgangatho ophezulu kunentsimbi ebalekayo ngokukhululekileyo. Ubugcisa bobunjineli budla ngokusebenzisa i-Z okanye i-TZ (isenokungafakwa). Umzekelo, i-Q235AF imele intsimbi ebalekayo ngokukhululekileyo, ngelixa i-Q235B imele intsimbi ebalekayo ngokukhululekileyo (engagqibekanga).
2. Intsimbi yoLwakhiwo lweKhabhoni ekumgangatho ophezulu
Uhlobo oluPhambili: Inombolo enamanani amabini + (Mn)
• Inani elinamanani amabini: Limele umxholo ophakathi wekhabhoni (ochazwa ngokweenxalenye kwishumi lamawaka), umz., intsimbi engama-45 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, intsimbi engama-20 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.20%.
• I-Mn: Ibonisa umxholo ophezulu we-manganese (>0.7%). Umzekelo, i-50Mn imele intsimbi yekhabhoni ene-manganese ephezulu ene-0.50% yekhabhoni.
3. Intsimbi yoLwakhiwo lwe-Alloy
Ifomathi engundoqo: Inombolo enamanani amabini + uphawu lwento ye-alloy + inombolo + (ezinye iimpawu zento ye-alloy + amanani)
• Amanani amabini okuqala: Umxholo ophakathi wekhabhoni (ngamawaka alishumi), umz., “40” kwi-40Cr imele umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Iimpawu zezinto ze-alloy: Ngokuqhelekileyo yi-Cr (chromium), i-Mn (manganese), i-Si (silicon), i-Ni (nickel), i-Mo (molybdenum), njl.njl., ezimele izinto eziphambili ze-alloy.
• I-element elandelayo yedijithi: Ibonisa umxholo ophakathi we-alloy element (ngepesenti). Umxholo <1.5% ushiya idijithi; 1.5%-2.49% ubonisa "2", njalo njalo. Umzekelo, kwi-35CrMo, akukho nani lilandela "Cr" (umxholo ≈ 1%), kwaye akukho nani lilandela "Mo" (umxholo ≈ 0.2%). Oku kubonisa intsimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ene-0.35% yekhabhoni, equlethe i-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum.
4. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo/Intsimbi Engamelani Nobushushu
Uhlobo oluPhambili: Inombolo + Uphawu lweSinto ye-Alloy + Inombolo + (Ezinye Izinto)
• Inani eliphambili: Limele umxholo ophakathi wekhabhoni (kwiindawo ngewaka), umz., “2” kwi-2Cr13 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈0.2%, “0” kwi-0Cr18Ni9 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≤0.08%.
• Uphawu lwe-alloy element + inombolo: Izinto ezifana ne-Cr (chromium) okanye i-Ni (nickel) zilandelwa linani zibonisa umxholo ophakathi we-element (ngepesenti). Umzekelo, i-1Cr18Ni9 ibonisa intsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ene-0.1% yekhabhoni, i-18% ye-chromium, kunye ne-9% ye-nickel.
5. Intsimbi yeSixhobo seKhabhoni
Ifomathi engundoqo: T + inombolo
• T: Ivela kunobumba wokuqala we-“carbon” kwi-pinyin (Tan), emele intsimbi yesixhobo sekhabhoni.
• Inani: Umxholo ophakathi wekhabhoni (ochazwa njengepesenti), umz., i-T8 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈0.8%, i-T12 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈1.2%.
Iinkcazo zeNsimbi zaseMelika: Inkqubo ye-ASTM/SAE
Imigangatho yentsimbi yaseMelika ilandela imigangatho ye-ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) kunye ne-SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Ifomathi engundoqo iqulathe "indibaniselwano yamanani + isimamva soonobumba," igxininisa ukuhlelwa kwenqanaba lentsimbi kunye nokuchongwa komxholo wekhabhoni.
1. Intsimbi yeCarbon kunye ne-Alloy Structural Steel (SAE/ASTM Common)
Uhlobo oluPhambili: Inani elinamanani amane + (isimamva seleta)
• Amanani amabini okuqala: Achaza uhlobo lwentsimbi kunye nezinto eziphambili zokudibanisa, ezisebenza njenge "khowudi yokwahlulahlula." Iingxelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
◦10XX: Intsimbi yekhabhoni (akukho zinto zokudibanisa), umz., 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Intsimbi yekhabhoni enemanganese eninzi (umxholo wemanganese ngu-1.00%-1.65%), umz., 1524.
◦41XX: Intsimbi yeChromium-molybdenum (ichromium 0.50%-0.90%, imolybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), umz., 4140.
◦43XX: Intsimbi yeNickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (i-nickel 1.65%-2.00%, i-chromium 0.40%-0.60%), umz., 4340.
◦30XX: Intsimbi yeNickel-Chromium (equlethe i-2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), umz., 3040.
• Amanani amabini okugqibela: Amele umxholo ophakathi wekhabhoni (kwiindawo ngeshumi lamawaka), umz., i-1045 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, i-4140 ibonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Izimamva zoonobumba: Zibonelela ngeempawu zezinto ezongezelelweyo, ezidla ngokuquka:
◦ B: Intsimbi equlathe iBoron (iphucula ukuqina kwayo), umz., 10B38.
◦ L: Intsimbi equlethe ilothe (inceda ukuba kusebenze kakuhle), umz., 12L14.
◦ H: Intsimbi eqinisekisiweyo yokuqina, umz., 4140H.
2. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo (Ngokuyintloko yiMigangatho ye-ASTM)
Uhlobo oluPhambili: Inombolo enamanani amathathu (+ unobumba)
• Inombolo: Imele "inombolo yolandelelwano" ehambelana nokwakheka okusisigxina kunye neempawu. Ukukhumbula kwanele; ukubala akufuneki. Amanqanaba aqhelekileyo kushishino aquka:
◦304: 18%-20% ye-chromium, 8%-10.5% ye-nickel, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic (eyona ixhaphakileyo, enganyangekiyo kukugqwala).
◦316: Yongeza i-2%-3% ye-molybdenum kwi-304, inika ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-asidi/i-alkali kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kubushushu obuphezulu.
◦430: 16%-18% i-chromium, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-ferritic (ayina-nickel, ixabiso liphantsi, isengozini yokugqwala).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% i-chromium, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-martensitic (eqina, enobunzima obuphezulu).
• Izimamva zoonobumba: Umzekelo, u-“L” kwi-304L ubonisa ikhabhoni ephantsi (ikhabhoni ≤0.03%), nto leyo enciphisa ukugqwala phakathi kwegranular ngexesha lokuwelda; u-“H” kwi-304H ubonisa ikhabhoni ephezulu (ikhabhoni 0.04%-0.10%), nto leyo ephucula amandla obushushu obuphezulu.
Umahluko oPhambili phakathi kweeNgcali zeBanga lesiTshayina nelaseMelika
1. Iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokubiza amagama
Imithetho yokubiza amagama yaseTshayina iqwalasela ngokupheleleyo amandla okuvelisa, umxholo wekhabhoni, izinto ze-alloy, njl.njl., isebenzisa indibaniselwano yoonobumba, amanani, kunye neempawu zezinto ukuze idlulise ngokuchanekileyo iimpawu zentsimbi, okwenza kube lula ukukhumbula nokuqonda. I-US ixhomekeke kakhulu kulandelelwano lwamanani ukubonisa amanqanaba entsimbi kunye nokwakheka kwayo, nto leyo imfutshane kodwa inzima kancinci kubantu abangengoochwephesha ukuyitolika.
2. Iinkcukacha kwiMboniso yeAlloy Element
I-China inika umelo oluneenkcukacha lwezinto ze-alloy, ichaza iindlela zokulebhelisha ngokusekelwe kuluhlu oluhlukeneyo lomxholo; Ngelixa i-US ikwabonisa umxholo we-alloy, ubhalo lwayo lwezinto ezilandelelanayo lwahlukile kwindlela yaseTshayina.
3. Umahluko kwiindlela zokukhetha izicelo
Ngenxa yemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yoshishino kunye neendlela zokwakha, iTshayina ne-US zibonisa ukhetho olwahlukileyo kwiindidi ezithile zentsimbi kwizicelo ezithile. Umzekelo, kulwakhiwo lwentsimbi yesakhiwo, iTshayina isebenzisa rhoqo iintsimbi zesakhiwo ezinamandla aphantsi njenge-Q345; i-US inokukhetha iintsimbi ezifanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho ye-ASTM.
Ixesha leposi: Okthobha-27-2025
