Cikakken fassarar ma'aunin ƙarfe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodi da amincin aiki a cikin ƙira, siye, da gini. Duk da cewa tsarin tantance ƙarfe na ƙasashen biyu yana da alaƙa, suna kuma nuna bambance-bambance daban-daban. Fahimtar waɗannan bambance-bambancen yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙwararrun masana'antu.
Tsarin Karfe na kasar Sin
Tsarin ƙarfe na ƙasar Sin yana bin tsarin "harafin Pinyin + alamar sinadarai + lambar Larabci," tare da kowace harafi tana wakiltar takamaiman halayen abu. Ga taƙaitaccen bayani game da nau'ikan ƙarfe da aka saba amfani da su:
1. Karfe Mai Tsarin Carbon/Ƙaramin Alloy Mai Ƙarfi Mai Girma (Mafi Yawa)
Tsarin Mahimmanci: Q + Darajar Maki Mai Girma + Alamar Inganci + Alamar Hanyar Shafawa
• T: An samo daga harafin farko na "ma'aunin samarwa" a cikin pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), wanda ke nuna ƙarfin samarwa a matsayin babban alamar aiki.
• Ƙimar lambobi: Kai tsaye yana nuna wurin samarwa (raka'a: MPa). Misali, Q235 yana nuna wurin samarwa ≥235 MPa, yayin da Q345 yana nuna ≥345 MPa.
• Alamar Inganci: An rarraba ta zuwa maki biyar (A, B, C, D, E) wanda ya dace da buƙatun taurin tasiri daga ƙasa zuwa sama (Mataki na A ba ya buƙatar gwajin tasiri; Matsakaicin E yana buƙatar gwajin tasirin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi -40°C). Misali, ƙimar Q345D tana nufin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe mai ƙarfin yawan amfani na 345 MPa da ingancin Matsakaicin D.
• Alamomin hanyar cire iskar shaka: F (ƙarfe mai gudu kyauta), b (ƙarfe mai kashe rabin-kashe), Z (ƙarfe mai kashe rabin-kashe), TZ (ƙarfe mai kashe musamman). Karfe mai kashe yana ba da inganci mafi kyau ga ƙarfe mai gudu kyauta. Aikin injiniya yawanci yana amfani da Z ko TZ (ana iya cire shi). Misali, Q235AF yana nufin ƙarfe mai gudu kyauta, yayin da Q235B yana nufin ƙarfe mai gudu rabin-kashe (tsohon).
2. Karfe Mai Inganci Mai Inganci na Carbon
Tsarin Mahimmanci: Lambar lambobi biyu + (Mn)
• Lambar lambobi biyu: Yana wakiltar matsakaicin adadin carbon (wanda aka bayyana a sassa ga kowace dubu goma), misali, ƙarfe 45 yana nuna yawan carbon ≈ 0.45%, ƙarfe 20 yana nuna yawan carbon ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Yana nuna yawan sinadarin manganese (>0.7%). Misali, 50Mn yana nufin ƙarfe mai yawan sinadarin manganese mai yawan sinadarin carbon 0.50%.
3. Karfe Mai Tsarin Gami
Tsarin asali: Lambar lambobi biyu + alamar sinadarin ƙarfe + lamba + (sauran alamomin sinadarin ƙarfe + lambobi)
• Lambobi biyu na farko: Matsakaicin yawan sinadarin carbon (a kowace dubu goma), misali, "40" a cikin 40Cr yana wakiltar yawan sinadarin carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Alamomin sinadaran ƙarfe: Yawanci Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), da sauransu, waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe.
• Lambar abubuwan da ke biyo baya: Yana nuna matsakaicin abun ciki na sinadarin ƙarfe (a cikin kashi). Abun ciki <1.5% ya ɓace lamba; 1.5%-2.49% yana nuna "2", da sauransu. Misali, a cikin 35CrMo, babu lamba da ke biyo bayan "Cr" (abun ciki ≈ 1%), kuma babu lamba da ke biyo bayan "Mo" (abun ciki ≈ 0.2%). Wannan yana nuna ƙarfe mai tsarin ƙarfe mai 0.35% carbon, wanda ke ɗauke da chromium da molybdenum.
4. Bakin Karfe/Karfe Mai Juriya Da Zafi
Tsarin Mahimmanci: Lamba + Alamar Sinadarin Alloy + Lamba + (Sauran Abubuwa)
• Lambar jagora: Yana wakiltar matsakaicin adadin carbon (a cikin sassa a kowace dubu), misali, "2" a cikin 2Cr13 yana nuna adadin carbon ≈0.2%, "0" a cikin 0Cr18Ni9 yana nuna adadin carbon ≤0.08%.
• Alamar sinadarin ƙarfe + lamba: Abubuwa kamar Cr (chromium) ko Ni (nickel) sai lamba ta biyo baya tana nuna matsakaicin abun ciki na sinadarai (a cikin kashi). Misali, 1Cr18Ni9 yana nuna ƙarfe mai launin austenitic mai 0.1% carbon, 18% chromium, da 9% nickel.
5. Kayan Aikin Carbon
Tsarin asali: T + lamba
• T: An samo daga harafin farko na "carbon" a cikin pinyin (Tan), wanda ke wakiltar ƙarfen kayan aikin carbon.
• Lamba: Matsakaicin yawan sinadarin carbon (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kashi), misali, T8 yana nuna yawan sinadarin carbon ≈0.8%, T12 yana nuna yawan sinadarin carbon ≈1.2%.
Tsarin Karfe na Amurka: Tsarin ASTM/SAE
Tsarin ƙarfe na Amurka ya fi bin ƙa'idodin ASTM (Ƙungiyar Gwaji da Kayan Aiki ta Amurka) da SAE (Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi na Motoci). Tsarin asali ya ƙunshi "haɗin lambobi + ƙarin haruffa," yana mai jaddada rarrabuwar darajar ƙarfe da kuma gano abubuwan da ke cikin carbon.
1. Karfe Mai Kauri da Karfe Mai Alloy (SAE/ASTM Common)
Tsarin Mahimmanci: Lambar lambobi huɗu + (ƙarfe na baya na harafi)
• Lambobi biyu na farko: Nuna nau'in ƙarfe da abubuwan haɗin gwal na farko, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin "lambar rarrabuwa." Alamomin gama gari sun haɗa da:
◦10XX: Karfe mai carbon (babu abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe), misali, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Karfe mai yawan manganese (abin da ke cikin manganese 1.00%-1.65%), misali, 1524.
◦41XX: Karfe Chromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), misali, 4140.
◦43XX: Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Karfe (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), misali, 4340.
◦30XX: Karfe na Nickel-Chromium (yana ɗauke da 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), misali, 3040.
• Lambobi biyu na ƙarshe: Suna wakiltar matsakaicin adadin carbon (a cikin sassa a kowace dubu goma), misali, 1045 yana nuna adadin carbon ≈ 0.45%, 4140 yana nuna adadin carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Karin haruffa: Bayar da ƙarin kayan aiki, waɗanda suka haɗa da:
◦ B: Karfe mai ɗauke da boron (yana ƙara taurarewa), misali, 10B38.
◦ L: Karfe mai ɗauke da gubar (yana sauƙaƙa injina), misali, 12L14.
◦ H: Karfe mai tauri da garanti, misali, 4140H.
2. Bakin Karfe (Ainihin Matsayin ASTM)
Tsarin Mahimmanci: Lambar lambobi uku (+ harafi)
• Lamba: Yana wakiltar "lambar jeri" da ta dace da tsari da halaye masu kyau. Haddacewa ya isa; lissafi ba lallai bane. Maki na gama gari a masana'antu sun haɗa da:
◦304: 18%-20% chromium, 8%-10.5% nickel, bakin karfe austenitic (wanda aka fi sani da shi, mai jure tsatsa).
◦316: Yana ƙara 2%-3% molybdenum zuwa 304, yana ba da juriya ga acid/alkali mai kyau da kuma aiki mai zafi sosai.
◦430: 16%-18% chromium, ƙarfe mai ferritic (ba shi da nickel, mai rahusa, mai saurin tsatsa).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, bakin karfe mai ƙarfi (mai tauri, mai ƙarfi).
• Karin bayani game da haruffa: Misali, "L" a cikin 304L yana nufin ƙarancin carbon (carbon ≤0.03%), yana rage tsatsa tsakanin granular yayin walda; "H" a cikin 304H yana nuna yawan carbon (carbon 0.04%-0.10%), yana ƙara ƙarfin zafin jiki mai yawa.
Babban Bambanci Tsakanin Matsayin Maki na Sin da Amurka
1. Ma'anar Sunaye daban-daban
Dokokin sanya suna na kasar Sin sun yi la'akari da ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, yawan sinadarin carbon, abubuwan da aka haɗa da ƙarfe, da sauransu, ta amfani da haɗakar haruffa, lambobi, da alamomin abubuwa don isar da ainihin halayen ƙarfe, wanda ke sauƙaƙa haddacewa da fahimta. Amurka ta dogara ne akan jerin lambobi don nuna ma'aunin ƙarfe da abubuwan da aka haɗa, wanda hakan ya ɗan yi wa waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba wahala su fassara.
2. Cikakkun bayanai a cikin Wakiltar Abubuwan Alloy
Kasar Sin tana ba da cikakken wakilci na abubuwan da aka haɗa da ƙarfe, tana ƙayyade hanyoyin yin lakabi bisa ga nau'ikan abubuwan da ke ciki daban-daban; Duk da cewa Amurka tana nuna abubuwan da aka haɗa da ƙarfe, alamarta ga abubuwan da aka haɗa da ƙarfe ya bambanta da ayyukan China.
3. Bambancin Zaɓin Aikace-aikace
Saboda bambancin ka'idojin masana'antu da ayyukan gini, China da Amurka suna nuna fifiko daban-daban ga takamaiman matakan ƙarfe a wasu aikace-aikace. Misali, a cikin ginin ƙarfe na tsari, China yawanci tana amfani da ƙarfe masu ƙarfi kamar Q345; Amurka na iya zaɓar ƙarfe masu dacewa bisa ga ƙa'idodin ASTM.
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-27-2025
