Ukuchazwa okunembile kwamabanga ensimbi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthobela impahla kanye nokuphepha kwephrojekthi ekwakhiweni kwensimbi yesakhiwo, ukuthengwa kwempahla, kanye nokwakhiwa. Ngenkathi amasistimu okugreda ensimbi awo womabili la mazwe ahlanganyela ukuxhumana, aphinde abonise umehluko ohlukile. Ukuqonda okuphelele kwalokhu kwehluka kubalulekile kochwepheshe bemboni.
Chinese Steel Ukuqokwa
Izimpawu zensimbi zesiShayina zilandela ifomethi eyinhloko "yenhlamvu ye-Pinyin + uphawu lwekhemikhali + inombolo yesi-Arabhu," ngohlamvu ngalunye olumelela izici ezithile zento ezibonakalayo. Ngezansi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zensimbi ezivamile:
1. Insimbi Yesakhiwo Sekhabhoni/Insimbi Ephansi Eqinile Yamandla Aphezulu (Evame Kakhulu)
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Q + Inani Lephuzu Lokukhipha + Uphawu Lwebanga Lekhwalithi + Uphawu Lwendlela Yokukhipha Umzimba
• Umbuzo: Kususelwa kuhlamvu lokuqala lokuthi “iphoyinti lesivuno” ku-pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), okubonisa amandla esivuno njengesibonisi esiyinhloko sokusebenza.
• Inani lenombolo: Isho ngokuqondile iphuzu lokukhiqiza (iyunithi: MPa). Isibonelo, i-Q235 ikhombisa iphuzu lokukhiqiza ≥235 MPa, kuyilapho i-Q345 isho ≥345 MPa.
• Uphawu Lwebanga Lekhwalithi: Ihlukaniswe yaba amamaki amahlanu (A, B, C, D, E) ahambisana nezimfuneko zokuqina komthelela kusukela kokuphansi kuye phezulu (Ibanga A alidingi ukuhlolwa komthelela; Ibanga E lidinga -40°C ukuhlolwa komthelela wezinga lokushisa eliphansi). Isibonelo, i-Q345D isho insimbi ye-alloy ephansi enamandla okukhiqiza angu-345 MPa kanye nekhwalithi yeBanga D.
• Izimpawu zendlela ye-Deoxidation: F (insimbi egijima mahhala), b (insimbi ebulewe ngamagciwane), Z (insimbi ebulewe), TZ (insimbi ebulewe ekhethekile). I-Killed steel inikezela ngekhwalithi ephezulu kunensimbi esebenza mahhala. Umkhuba wobunjiniyela uvamise ukusebenzisa u-Z noma u-TZ (ungase ushiywe). Isibonelo, i-Q235AF isho insimbi esebenza mahhala, kuyilapho i-Q235B isho insimbi ebulewe kancane (okuzenzakalelayo).
2. Insimbi Yesakhiwo Sekhabhoni Esezingeni Eliphezulu
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo enezinombolo ezimbili + (Mn)
• Inombolo enamadijithi amabili: Imele isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (okuvezwa izingxenye ngezinkulungwane eziyishumi), isb, insimbi engu-45 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, insimbi engu-20 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Ibonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-manganese (>0.7%). Isibonelo, i-50Mn isho insimbi yekhabhoni ye-manganese ephezulu ene-carbon engu-0.50%.
3. I-alloy Structural Steel
Ifomethi eyinhloko: Inombolo enamadijithi amabili + uphawu lwe-alloy element + inombolo + (ezinye izimpawu ze-alloy element + izinombolo)
• Amadijithi amabili okuqala: Isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi), isb, “40” ku-40Cr simele okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Izimpawu ze-alloy element: Ngokuvamile i-Cr (i-chromium), i-Mn (i-manganese), i-Si (i-silicon), i-Ni (i-nickel), i-Mo (i-molybdenum), njll., emele izakhi eziyinhloko ze-alloying.
• I-elementi elandelayo yedijithi: Ikhombisa isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-elementi ye-alloy (ngamaphesenti). Okuqukethwe <1.5% kushiya idijithi; I-1.5% -2.49% isho "2", njalonjalo. Isibonelo, ku-35CrMo, ayikho inombolo elandelayo "Cr" (okuqukethwe ≈ 1%), futhi ayikho inombolo elandela "Mo" (okuqukethwe ≈ 0.2%). Lokhu kusho insimbi yesakhiwo sengxubevange eno-0.35% wekhabhoni, equkethe i-chromium ne-molybdenum.
4. Insimbi Engagqwali/Insimbi Engangeni Ukushisa
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo + I-alloy Element Symbol + Inombolo + (Ezinye Izinto)
• Inombolo ehamba phambili: Imelela isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ngezingxenye zenkulungwane), isb, “2” ku-2Cr13 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈0.2%, “0” ku-0Cr18Ni9 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≤0.08%.
• Uphawu lwe-alloy + inombolo: Izinto ezifana ne-Cr (chromium) noma i-Ni (nickel) elandelwa inombolo ebonisa okuqukethwe kwe-elementi okumaphakathi (ngamaphesenti). Isibonelo, i-1Cr18Ni9 ikhombisa insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ene-carbon engu-0.1%, i-chromium engu-18%, ne-nickel engu-9%.
5. Insimbi Yensimbi Yekhabhoni
Ifomethi eyinhloko: T + inombolo
• T: Isuselwa kuhlamvu lokuqala lwe-“carbon” ku-pinyin (Tan), emelela insimbi yethuluzi le-carbon.
• Inombolo: Isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (okuvezwa njengephesenti), isb, i-T8 isho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈0.8%, i-T12 isho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈1.2%.
I-US Steel Designations: ASTM/SAE System
Izikhundla zensimbi zase-US zilandela ngokuyinhloko izindinganiso ze-ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) kanye ne-SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Ifomethi eyinhloko iqukethe "inhlanganisela yezinombolo + isijobelelo sezinhlamvu," egcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sensimbi kanye nokuhlonza okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.
1. I-Carbon Steel ne-Alloy Structural Steel (SAE/ASTM Common)
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo enezinhlamvu ezine + (isijobelelo sezinhlamvu)
• Amadijithi amabili okuqala: Isho uhlobo lwensimbi nezinto eziyinhloko ze-alloying, esebenza “njengekhodi yokuhlukanisa.” Izincwadi ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa:
◦10XX: Insimbi ye-Carbon (ayikho i-alloying elements), isb, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: I-high-manganese carbon steel (okuqukethwe kwe-manganese 1.00% -1.65%), isb, 1524.
◦41XX: Insimbi ye-Chromium-molybdenum (i-chromium 0.50% -0.90%, i-molybdenum 0.12% -0.20%), isb, 4140.
◦43XX: Insimbi ye-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (i-nickel 1.65% -2.00%, i-chromium 0.40% -0.60%), isb, 4340.
◦30XX: I-Nickel-Chromium Steel (equkethe u-2.00% -2.50% Ni, 0.70% -1.00% Cr), isb, 3040.
• Amadijithi amabili okugcina: Imelela isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ezingxenyeni zezinkulungwane eziyishumi), isb, u-1045 ukhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, 4140 ukhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Izijobelelo zezinhlamvu: Nikeza izici ezingeziwe, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa:
◦ B: Insimbi ene-Boron (ithuthukisa ukuqina), isb, 10B38.
◦ L: Insimbi ene-lead (yenza kube lula ukusebenza), isb, 12L14.
◦ H: Insimbi yokuqina eqinisekisiwe, isb, 4140H.
2. Insimbi Engagqwali (Ngokuyinhloko Amazinga e-ASTM)
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo enezinombolo ezintathu (+ incwadi)
• Inombolo: Imele “inombolo yokulandelana” ehambisana nokwakheka okungaguquki nezici. Ukukhumbula ngekhanda kwanele; ukubala akudingekile. Amabanga emboni ajwayelekile afaka:
◦304: 18% -20% chromium, 8% -10.5% nickel, insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic (evame kakhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala).
◦316: Yengeza u-2% -3% we-molybdenum ku-304, enikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-asidi/alkali nokusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
◦430: 16% -18% chromium, insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic (i-nickel-free, izindleko eziphansi, ejwayele ukugqwala).
◦410: 11.5% -13.5% i-chromium, insimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic (eqinile, ubulukhuni obuphezulu).
• Izijobelelo zezinhlamvu: Isibonelo, u-“L” ku-304L uchaza ikhabhoni ephansi (ikhabhoni ≤0.03%), enciphisa ukugqwala kwe-intergranular ngesikhathi sokushisela; i-“H” ku-304H ikhombisa ikhabhoni ephezulu (ikhabhoni engu-0.04% -0.10%), ekhuphula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwama-Designations aseShayina naseMelika
1. Izindlela Zokuqamba Ezihlukene
Imithetho yokuqamba yaseShayina icubungula ngokugcwele amandla esivuno, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, izakhi zengxubevange, njll., kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu, izinombolo, nezimpawu zama-elementi ukuze kudluliselwe izici zensimbi ngokunembile, ukusiza ukukhumbula ngekhanda nokuqonda. I-US incike ngokuyinhloko ekulandelaneni kwezinombolo ukuze ibonise amabanga ensimbi nokuqanjwa, okufushanisiwe kodwa okuyinselele kancane ukuthi abangebona ochwepheshe batolike.
2. Imininingwane Ekumeleleni kwe-Alloy Element
I-China inikeza ukumelwa okuningiliziwe kwezakhi ze-alloy, ecacisa izindlela zokulebula ezisekelwe kububanzi obuhlukene bokuqukethwe; Ngenkathi i-US iphinda ikhombise okuqukethwe kwe-alloy, ukuphawula kwayo kwezakhi zokulandelela kuyahluka kuzinqubo zaseShayina.
3. Umehluko Wokuthandwayo Kwesicelo
Ngenxa yamazinga ahlukahlukene emboni kanye nezinqubo zokwakha, i-China ne-US abonisa izintandokazi ezihlukile zamamaki ensimbi athile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, ekwakhiweni kwensimbi yesakhiwo, i-China ijwayele ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zesakhiwo esine-alloy high-strength njenge-Q345; i-US ingase ikhethe izinsimbi ezihambisanayo ngokusekelwe kumazinga e-ASTM.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-27-2025
