Ukuchazwa okunembile kwamabanga ensimbi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhambisana nezinto kanye nokuphepha kwephrojekthi ekwakhiweni kwensimbi yesakhiwo, ekuthengweni nasekukhiqizweni. Nakuba izinhlelo zokulinganisa insimbi zamazwe womabili zabelana ngokuxhumana, nazo zibonisa umehluko ohlukile. Ukuqonda kahle lokhu kwahlukana kubalulekile kochwepheshe bemboni.
Izakhiwo Zensimbi YaseShayina
Izimpawu zensimbi zaseShayina zilandela ifomethi eyinhloko ethi “uhlamvu lwe-Pinyin + uphawu lwesakhi samakhemikhali + inombolo yesi-Arabhu,” kanti uhlamvu ngalunye lumelela izakhiwo ezithile zezinto. Ngezansi kuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zensimbi ezivamile:
1. Insimbi Yesakhiwo Sekhabhoni/Insimbi Yesakhiwo Enamandla Aphezulu (Evame Kakhulu)
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: I-Q + Inani Lephuzu Lokukhuphula + Uphawu Lwebanga Lekhwalithi + Uphawu Lwendlela Yokususa I-Oxidation
• U: Kuthathwe encwadini yokuqala ethi “iphuzu lokukhiqiza” ku-pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), okubonisa amandla okukhiqiza njengesibonakaliso sokusebenza esiyinhloko.
• Inani lezinombolo: Libonisa ngokuqondile iphuzu lokukhiqiza (iyunithi: MPa). Isibonelo, i-Q235 ikhombisa iphuzu lokukhiqiza ≥235 MPa, kuyilapho i-Q345 ikhombisa ≥345 MPa.
• Uphawu Lwezinga Lekhwalithi: Luhlukaniswe ngamabanga amahlanu (A, B, C, D, E) ahambisana nezidingo zokuqina komthelela kusukela phansi kuya phezulu (Ibanga A alidingi ukuhlolwa komthelela; Ibanga E lidinga ukuhlolwa komthelela ophansi kokushisa okungu--40°C). Isibonelo, i-Q345D imelela insimbi ene-alloy ephansi enamandla okukhiqiza angu-345 MPa kanye nekhwalithi yebanga D.
• Izimpawu zendlela yokususa i-oxidation: F (insimbi egijima ngokukhululeka), b (insimbi ebulewe kancane), Z (insimbi ebulewe), TZ (insimbi ebulewe ekhethekile). Insimbi ebulewe inikeza ikhwalithi ephezulu kunensimbi egijima ngokukhululeka. Umkhuba wobunjiniyela uvame ukusebenzisa i-Z noma i-TZ (ingase ishiywe). Isibonelo, i-Q235AF imelela insimbi egijima ngokukhululeka, kuyilapho i-Q235B imelela insimbi ebulale ngokukhululeka (okuzenzakalelayo).
2. Insimbi Yesakhiwo Sekhabhoni Esezingeni Eliphezulu
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo enamadijithi amabili + (Mn)
• Inombolo enezinombolo ezimbili: Imelela isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (okuvezwa ngezingxenye ngezinkulungwane eziyishumi), isib., insimbi engu-45 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, insimbi engu-20 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.20%.
• I-Mn: Ibonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-manganese (>0.7%). Isibonelo, i-50Mn imelela insimbi yekhabhoni ene-manganese ephezulu ene-carbon engu-0.50%.
3. Insimbi Eyakhiwe Ngengxubevange
Ifomethi eyinhloko: Inombolo enezinombolo ezimbili + uphawu lwento ye-alloy + inombolo + (ezinye izimpawu zento ye-alloy + izinombolo)
• Izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala: Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okumaphakathi (ngezinkulungwane eziyishumi), isib., “40” ku-40Cr kumelela okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Izimpawu ze-alloy element: Ngokuvamile i-Cr (chromium), i-Mn (manganese), i-Si (silicon), i-Ni (nickel), i-Mo (molybdenum), njll., ezimele izinto eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa.
• Isici esilandelayo esinezinombolo: Sibonisa okuqukethwe okumaphakathi kwento ye-alloy (ngamaphesenti). Okuqukethwe okungaphansi kuka-1.5% kushiya inombolo; u-1.5%-2.49% usho u-“2”, njalo njalo. Isibonelo, ku-35CrMo, akukho nombolo elandela u-“Cr” (okuqukethwe ≈ 1%), futhi akukho nombolo elandela u-“Mo” (okuqukethwe ≈ 0.2%). Lokhu kusho insimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ene-carbon engu-0.35%, equkethe i-chromium ne-molybdenum.
4. Insimbi Engagqwali/Insimbi Emelana Nokushisa
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo + Uphawu Lwesici Se-alloy + Inombolo + (Ezinye Izinto)
• Inombolo ehamba phambili: Imelela isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ngezingxenye ngenkulungwane), isib., “2” ku-2Cr13 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈0.2%, “0” ku-0Cr18Ni9 ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≤0.08%.
• Uphawu lwe-alloy element + inombolo: Izinto ezifana ne-Cr (chromium) noma i-Ni (nickel) zilandelwa yinombolo zibonisa okuqukethwe kwe-element okumaphakathi (ngamaphesenti). Isibonelo, i-1Cr18Ni9 ikhombisa insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ene-carbon engu-0.1%, i-chromium engu-18%, kanye ne-nickel engu-9%.
5. Ithuluzi Lekhabhoni Lensimbi
Ifomethi eyinhloko: T + inombolo
• T: Kuthathwe encwadini yokuqala ethi “carbon” ku-pinyin (Tan), emele insimbi yamathuluzi e-carbon.
• Inombolo: Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okumaphakathi (okuvezwa njengephesenti), isib., i-T8 imelela okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈0.8%, i-T12 imelela okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈1.2%.
Izikhundla Zensimbi zase-US: Uhlelo lwe-ASTM/SAE
Izikhundla zensimbi zase-US zilandela kakhulu izindinganiso ze-ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) kanye ne-SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Ifomethi eyinhloko iqukethe "inhlanganisela yezinombolo + isijobelelo sezinhlamvu," okugcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwebanga lensimbi kanye nokuhlonza okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.
1. Insimbi Yekhabhoni Nensimbi Yesakhiwo Ye-Alloy (SAE/ASTM Common)
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo enezinombolo ezine + (isijobelelo sezinhlamvu)
• Izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala: Bonisa uhlobo lwensimbi kanye nezinto eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa, ezisebenza “njengekhodi yokuhlukanisa.” Ukuxhumana okuvamile kuhlanganisa:
◦10XX: Insimbi yekhabhoni (akukho zinto ezixubayo), isib. 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Insimbi yekhabhoni ene-manganese ephezulu (okuqukethwe kwe-manganese 1.00%-1.65%), isib. 1524.
◦41XX: Insimbi ye-Chromium-molybdenum (i-chromium 0.50%-0.90%, i-molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), isib. 4140.
◦43XX: Insimbi ye-Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (i-nickel 1.65%-2.00%, i-chromium 0.40%-0.60%), isib. 4340.
◦30XX: Insimbi ye-Nickel-Chromium (equkethe u-2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), isib., 3040.
• Izinombolo ezimbili zokugcina: Zimelela isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ngezingxenye ngezinkulungwane eziyishumi), isib., u-1045 ubonisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.45%, u-4140 ubonisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Izijobelelo zezinhlamvu: Zinikeza izakhiwo zezinto ezengeziwe, ezivame ukufaka:
◦ B: Insimbi equkethe i-boron (ithuthukisa ukuqina), isib. 10B38.
◦ L: Insimbi equkethe umthofu (yenza kube lula ukusebenza kwayo), isib. 12L14.
◦ H: Insimbi eqinisekisiwe yokuqina, isib. 4140H.
2. Insimbi Engagqwali (Ngokuyinhloko amazinga e-ASTM)
Ifomethi Eyinhloko: Inombolo enezinombolo ezintathu (+ uhlamvu)
• Inombolo: Imelela “inombolo yokulandelana” ehambisana nokwakheka okuhleliwe kanye nezakhiwo. Ukukhumbula kwanele; ukubala akudingekile. Amamaki ajwayelekile embonini afaka:
◦304: 18%-20% i-chromium, 8%-10.5% i-nickel, insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic (evame kakhulu, engagqwali).
◦316: Ingeza i-molybdenum engu-2%-3% ku-304, inikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-asidi/i-alkali kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushisa okuphezulu.
◦430: 16%-18% i-chromium, insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic (ayinayo i-nickel, ishibhile, ivame ukugqwala).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% i-chromium, insimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic (eqina, enobulukhuni obuphezulu).
• Izijobelelo zezinhlamvu: Isibonelo, u-“L” ku-304L usho ikhabhoni ephansi (ikhabhoni ≤0.03%), okunciphisa ukugqwala kwe-intergranular ngesikhathi sokushisela; u-“H” ku-304H usho ikhabhoni ephezulu (ikhabhoni 0.04%-0.10%), okwandisa amandla okushisa aphezulu.
Umehluko Omkhulu Phakathi Kwezincazelo Zebanga LaseShayina NaseMelika
1. Izindlela Ezihlukene Zokuqamba Amagama
Imithetho yokuqamba amagama yaseShayina icabangela ngokuphelele amandla okukhiqiza, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, izakhi ze-alloy, njll., isebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu, izinombolo, kanye nezimpawu zezinto ukuze idlulisele ngokunembile izakhiwo zensimbi, okwenza kube lula ukukhumbula nokuqonda. I-US ithembele kakhulu ezinhlwini zezinombolo ukuze ibonise amamaki ensimbi kanye nokwakheka kwayo, okufushane kodwa okuyinselele kancane kubantu abangebona ochwepheshe ukukuhumusha.
2. Imininingwane ekumelelweni kwe-Alloy Element
I-China inikeza ukumelwa okuningiliziwe kwezinto ze-alloy, icacisa izindlela zokulebula ngokusekelwe kububanzi bokuqukethwe obuhlukene; Ngenkathi i-US futhi ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwe-alloy, ukuqashelwa kwayo kwezinto zokulandelela kuhlukile emikhubeni yase-China.
3. Umehluko Wokukhetha Kohlelo Lokusebenza
Ngenxa yezindinganiso ezahlukene zemboni kanye nemikhuba yokwakha, iShayina ne-US zibonisa izintandokazi ezihlukile zamazinga athile ensimbi kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, ekwakhiweni kwensimbi yesakhiwo, iShayina ivame ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zesakhiwo ezinamandla aphezulu ezi-alloy ezincane njenge-Q345; i-US ingakhetha izinsimbi ezihambisanayo ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni ze-ASTM.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-27-2025
