Fasiraadda saxda ah ee darajooyinka birta ayaa muhiim u ah hubinta u hoggaansanaanta walxaha iyo badbaadada mashruuca ee naqshadeynta birta qaab dhismeedka, soo iibsiga, iyo dhismaha. Iyadoo nidaamyada darajooyinka birta ee labada waddan wadaagaan isku-xirnaanta, waxay sidoo kale muujiyaan kala duwanaansho kala duwan. Fahamka saxda ah ee kala duwanaanshahan ayaa muhiim u ah xirfadlayaasha warshadaha.
Naqshadeynta Birta Shiinaha
Naqshadaynta birta Shiinaha waxay raacdaa qaabka udub-dhexaadka u ah "Xarafka Pinyin + calaamada curiyaha kiimikaad + nambarka Carabiga," oo leh dabeecad kasta oo ka dhigan waxyaabo gaar ah. Hoos waxaa ah kala-goynta noocyada birta ee caadiga ah:
1. Bir Qaab-dhismeedka Kaarboon/Bir-dhismeed-Alloy-hooseeya (Inta badan)
Qaabka Muhiimka ah: Q + Qiimaha Dhibicda Wax-soosaarka + Astaanta Heerka Tayada + Astaanta Habka Deoxidation
S: Waxa laga soo qaatay xarafka hore ee "dhibcaha wax-soo-saarka" ee pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), oo tilmaamaya awoodda wax-soo-saarka sida tusaha waxqabadka aasaasiga ah.
Qiimaha tirooyinka: Waxay si toos ah u tilmaamaysaa dhibicda wax-soo-saarka (cutub: MPa). Tusaale ahaan, Q235 waxay muujinaysaa dhibic dhalid ≥235 MPa, halka Q345 uu tilmaamayo ≥345 MPa.
• Astaanta Fasalka Tayada: Loo kala saaray shan darajo (A, B, C, D, E) oo u dhiganta shuruudaha adkaanta ee hoose ilaa sare Tusaale ahaan, Q345D waxay tilmaamaysaa birta-daawaha hoose ee leh awoodda wax-soo-saarka ee 345 MPa iyo tayada darajada D.
Calaamadaha habka Deoxidation: F (birta si xor ah u orda), b (birta nus-dilka ah), Z (birta la dilay), TZ ( birta la dilay ee gaarka ah). Birta la dilay waxay ku siinaysaa tayo sare oo birta socota ee bilaashka ah. Ku-dhaqanka injineernimada ayaa caadi ahaan isticmaala Z ama TZ (waa laga yaabaa in laga saaro). Tusaale ahaan, Q235AF waxa ay tilmaamaysaa birta socota ee xorta ah, halka Q235B ay tilmaamayso birta nus-dilka ah (default).
2. Birta Dhismaha Kaarboon-Tayada Sare
Qaabka Muhiimka ah: Lambarka laba-god + (Mn)
• Tirada laba-god: Waxay ka dhigan tahay celceliska kaarboonka ka kooban (oo lagu muujiyey qaybo ka mid ah tobankii kunba), tusaale ahaan, 45 birta waxay tilmaamaysaa kaarboonka ≈ 0.45%, 20 birta waxay tilmaamaysaa kaarboonka ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Waxay muujinaysaa maadada manganese sare (>0.7%). Tusaale ahaan, 50Mn waxa ay tilmaamaysaa bir kaarboon-manganese ah oo leh 0.50% kaarboon.
3. Birta Dhismaha ee Alloy
Qaabka xudunta u ah: nambar laba-god ah + calaamada curiyaha alloy + nambar + (calaamadaha kale ee walxaha alloy + nambarada)
• Labada lambar ee hore: Celceliska maadada kaarboonka (tobankii kunba), tusaale, "40" ee 40Cr waxay ka dhigan tahay kaarboonka ≈ 0.40%.
• Calaamadaha walxaha Aloy: Caadi ahaan Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), iwm.
• Tirada soo socota: Waxay muujinaysaa celceliska walxaha alloy-ga ka kooban yahay (boqolkiiba). Mawduuca <1.5% waxa uu dhaafayaa tiro; 1.5% -2.49% waxay tilmaamaysaa "2", iyo wixii la mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, 35CrMo, ma jiro nambar raacaya "Cr" (content ≈ 1%), oo ma jiro nambar raacaya "Mo" (content ≈ 0.2%). Tani waxay tilmaamaysaa bir qaabdhismeed alloy ah oo leh 0.35% kaarboon, oo ka kooban chromium iyo molybdenum.
4. Birta Aan Lahayn/Heat-U adkaysta Birta
Qaabka Muhiimka ah: Lambarka + Calaamadda Cunsurka Alloy + Nambarka + (Qaybaha kale)
• Tirada hogaaminta: Waxay ka dhigan tahay celceliska maadada kaarboon (qayb kunkiiba), tusaale, "2" ee 2Cr13 waxay tilmaamaysaa kaarboonka ≈0.2%, "0" ee 0Cr18Ni9 waxay muujinaysaa kaarboonka ≤0.08%.
• Calaamada curiyaha Alloy + nambarka: Qaybaha sida Cr (chromium) ama Ni (nickel) oo ay ku xigto tiro tilmaamaysa celceliska nuxurka walxaha (boqolkiiba). Tusaale ahaan, 1Cr18Ni9 waxay muujinaysaa bir aan lahayn austenitic oo leh 0.1% kaarboon, 18% chromium, iyo 9% nikkel.
5. Birta Qalabka Kaarboon
Qaabka muhiimka ah: T + nambarka
T: Waxay ka timid xarafka hore ee "kaarboon" ee pinyin (Tan), oo ka dhigan birta qalabka kaarboon.
• Tirada: Celceliska waxa ku jira kaarboon (oo lagu muujiyey boqolkiiba), tusaale, T8 waxa ay tilmaamaysaa kaarboonka ≈0.8%, T12 waxa ay tilmaamaysaa kaarboonka ≈1.2%.
Naqshadaynta Biraha Mareykanka: Nidaamka ASTM/SAE
Nashqadaynta birta ee Maraykanku waxay inta badan raacdaa ASTM (Bulshada Mareykanka ee Tijaabada iyo Qalabka) iyo SAE (Bulshada Injineerada Gawaarida) heerarka. Qaabka xudunta u ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay "isku darka tirooyinka + xaraf daba-dheer," oo xoogga saaraya kala-soocidda heerka birta iyo aqoonsiga ka kooban kaarboonka.
1. Carbon Steel iyo Alloy Structural Steel (SAE/ASTM Common)
Qaabka Muhiimka ah: nambar afar-god ah + (xaraf daba-gal ah)
• Labada nambar ee hore: Muuji nooca birta iyo walxaha alloying aasaasiga ah, oo u adeegaya sidii "code kala soocidda." Warqadaha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
◦10XX: Birta Kaarboon (aan lahayn walxo alloying), tusaale, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Birta kaarboonka ee manganese-sare (ka kooban manganese 1.00%-1.65%), tusaale, 1524.
◦41XX: Chromium-molybdenum steel (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), tusaale, 4140.
◦43XX: Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), tusaale, 4340.
◦30XX: Nickel-Chromium Steel (oo ka kooban 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), tusaale, 3040.
• Labada lambar ee u dambeeya: Waxay ka dhigan tahay celceliska kaarboonka ka kooban (qayb tobankii kun), tusaale, 1045 waxay tusinaysaa kaarboonka ≈ 0.45%, 4140 waxay tilmaamaysaa kaarboonka ≈ 0.40%.
• Xarfaha daba-galka ah: Bixi sifooyinka agabka dheeriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan:
◦ B: Birta ku jirta boron (waxay kor u qaadaa adkaanta), tusaale 10B38.
◦ L: Birta sunta rasaasta ku jirta (waxay fududaysaa farsamaynta), tusaale 12L14.
◦ H: Bir adag oo la hubo, tusaale, 4140H.
2. Birta Aan-la-aanta lahayn (Ugu horreyntii Heerarka ASTM)
Qaabka Muhiimka ah: Lambarka saddex-god ah (+ xaraf)
Nambarka: Wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "lambar isku xigxiga" oo u dhiganta halabuurka iyo guryaha go'an. Xusuusin ayaa ku filan; xisaabintu waa mid aan loo baahnayn. Darajooyinka warshadaha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
◦304: 18% -20% chromium, 8% -10.5% nikkel, austenitic ahama birta (inta badan, u adkaysta daxalka).
◦316: Wuxuu ku daraa 2% -3% molybdenum ilaa 304, isagoo bixinaya caabbinta aashitada/alkali sare iyo waxqabadka heerkul sare.
◦430: 16% -18% chromium, birta aan lahayn nikkel (nikkel-la'aan, kharash yar, u nugul miridhku).
◦410: 11.5% -13.5% chromium, birta aan qallafsaneen ee martensitic (adkeysi, adkeysi sare).
• Xarfaha daba-galka ah: Tusaale ahaan, "L" ee 304L waxay tilmaamaysaa kaarboon hooseeya (kaarboon ≤0.03%), yaraynta daxalka intergranular inta lagu jiro alxanka; "H" ee 304H waxay muujinaysaa kaarboon sare (kaarboon 0.04% -0.10%), kor u qaadaysa xoogga heerkulka sare.
Farqiga Muhiimka ah ee udhaxeya Naqshadeynta Darajada Shiinaha iyo Maraykanka
1. Magacyo kala duwan oo macquul ah
Shuruucda magacaabista Shiinaha waxay si buuxda u tixgaliyaan awoodda wax-soo-saarka, ka kooban kaarboonka, canaasiirta daawaha, iwm., iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-darka xarfaha, nambarada, iyo calaamadaha curiyaha si si sax ah loogu gudbiyo sifooyinka birta, fududaynta xafididda iyo fahamka. Maraykanku wuxuu ugu horrayn ku tiirsan yahay taxanaha tirooyinka si uu u muujiyo darajooyinka birta iyo halabuurka, taas oo kooban laakiin inyar ka adag inay fasiraan dadka aan takhasuska lahayn.
2. Faahfaahinta Matilaada Cunsurka Alloy
Shiinuhu wuxuu bixiyaa matalaad faahfaahsan oo ah walxo daawaha ah, isagoo tilmaamaya hababka calaamadaynta ee ku salaysan noocyada kala duwan ee content; Halka Maraykanku uu sidoo kale tilmaamayo waxyaabaha alloy-ga ka kooban, odhaahdiisa ku aaddan curiyayaasha raadku way ka duwan yihiin dhaqamada Shiinaha.
3. Kala duwanaanshaha Codsiga
Sababo la xiriira heerarka warshadaha kala duwan iyo dhaqamada dhismaha, Shiinaha iyo Mareykanka waxay soo bandhigaan dookhyo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay darajooyinka birta gaarka ah ee codsiyada qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan, dhismaha birta qaab dhismeedka, Shiinuhu wuxuu caadi ahaan u adeegsadaa biraha qaab-dhismeed ee hooseeya-alaabaysan sida Q345; Maraykanku waxa uu dooran karaa biraha u dhigma ee ku salaysan heerarka ASTM.
Waqtiga boostada: Oct-27-2025
