Kududzirwa kwakarurama kwemagiredhi esimbi kwakakosha pakuona kuti zvinhu zviri kutevedzera mitemo uye kuchengetedzeka kwepurojekiti mukugadzira simbi, kutenga, uye kuvaka. Kunyange zvazvo masisitimu ekuyera simbi enyika mbiri idzi aine hukama hwakaenzana, anoratidzawo misiyano yakasiyana. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana misiyano iyi kwakakosha kune nyanzvi dzeindasitiri.
Mazita eSimbi yeChina
Mazita esimbi ekuChina anotevera chimiro chepakati che "bhii rePinyin + chiratidzo chechinhu chemakemikari + nhamba yechiArabhu," nechiratidzo chimwe nechimwe chinomiririra hunhu hwechinhu chaicho. Pazasi pane kupatsanurwa kwemhando dzesimbi dzakajairika:
1. Simbi yeKabhoni/Simbi yeSimbi yeSimbi ine Simba Rakawanda (Yakajairika)
Magadzirirwo Emukati: Q + Kukosha Kwemapoinzi Ekukohwa + Chiratidzo Chemhando Yemhando + Chiratidzo Chenzira Yekubvisa Oxidation
• Mubvunzo: Wakabva pabhii rekutanga rekuti "yield point" mu pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), zvichireva simba reyield sechiratidzo chikuru chekushanda.
• Nhamba: Inoratidza zvakananga poindi yekukohwa (yuniti: MPa). Semuenzaniso, Q235 inoratidza poindi yekukohwa ≥235 MPa, ukuwo Q345 ichiratidza ≥345 MPa.
• Chiratidzo cheGwaro Remhando Yepamusoro: Chakakamurwa kuita magiredhi mashanu (A, B, C, D, E) zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekusimba kwesimba kubva pakaderera kusvika pakakwirira (Gwaro A haridi bvunzo yekusimba; Gwaro E rinoda bvunzo yekusimba kwesimba re -40°C). Semuenzaniso, Q345D inomiririra simbi isina alloy ine simba re345 MPa uye mhando yeGwaro D.
• Zviratidzo zvenzira yekubvisa oxidation: F (simbi inomhanya isina chinhu), b (simbi yakaurayiwa zvishoma), Z (simbi yakaurayiwa zvishoma), TZ (simbi yakaurayiwa zvakanyanya). Simbi yakaurayiwa inopa mhando yepamusoro kune simbi inomhanya isina chinhu. Maitiro einjiniya anowanzo shandisa Z kana TZ (inogona kusiiwa). Semuenzaniso, Q235AF inomiririra simbi inomhanya isina chinhu, nepo Q235B inomiririra simbi yakaurayiwa zvishoma (yagara iripo).
2. Simbi yeKabhoni Yemhando Yepamusoro
Magadzirirwo Epakati: Nhamba ine manhamba maviri + (Mn)
• Nhamba ine manhamba maviri: Inomiririra huwandu hwekabhoni (hunoratidzwa muzvikamu pazviuru gumi), semuenzaniso, simbi 45 inoratidza huwandu hwekabhoni ≈ 0.45%, simbi 20 inoratidza huwandu hwekabhoni ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Inoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwemanganese (>0.7%). Semuenzaniso, 50Mn inomiririra simbi ine kabhoni ine manganese yakawanda ine kabhoni 0.50%.
3. Simbi yeChimiro cheAlloy
Magadzirirwo epakati: Nhamba ine manhamba maviri + chiratidzo chechinhu che alloy + nhamba + (mamwe masaini echinhu che alloy + nhamba)
• Manhamba maviri ekutanga: Avhareji yehuwandu hwekabhoni (pazviuru gumi), semuenzaniso, "40" mu40Cr inomiririra huwandu hwekabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Zviratidzo zvechinhu cheAlloy: Kazhinji Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), nezvimwewo, zvinomiririra zvinhu zvekutanga zve alloying.
• Chinhu chinotevera nhamba: Chinoratidza huwandu hweavhareji hwechinhu che alloy (muzana). Zviri mukati <1.5% zvinosiya nhamba; 1.5%-2.49% zvinoreva "2", zvichingodaro. Semuenzaniso, mu35CrMo, hapana nhamba inotevera "Cr" (zviri mukati ≈ 1%), uye hapana nhamba inotevera "Mo" (zviri mukati ≈ 0.2%). Izvi zvinoreva simbi yakagadzirwa ne alloy ine 0.35% kabhoni, ine chromium uye molybdenum.
4. Simbi Isina Chinovhara/Simbi Inodzivirira Kupisa
Magadzirirwo Emukati: Nhamba + Chiratidzo cheChinhu cheAlloy + Nhamba + (Zvimwe Zvinhu)
• Nhamba inotungamira: Inomiririra huwandu hwekabhoni (muzvikamu pazviuru), semuenzaniso, "2" mu2Cr13 inoratidza huwandu hwekabhoni ≈0.2%, "0" mu0Cr18Ni9 inoratidza huwandu hwekabhoni ≤0.08%.
• Chiratidzo chechinhu cheAlloy + nhamba: Zvinhu zvakaita seCr (chromium) kana Ni (nickel) zvichiteverwa nenhamba zvinoratidza avhareji yehuwandu hwezvinhu (muzana). Semuenzaniso, 1Cr18Ni9 inoratidza simbi isina tsvina ine austenitic ine 0.1% kabhoni, 18% chromium, uye 9% nickel.
5. Simbi yeCarbon Tool
Magadzirirwo epakati: T + nhamba
• T: Yakabva pabhii rekutanga rekuti “kabhoni” mu pinyin (Tan), rinomiririra simbi yezvishandiso zvekabhoni.
• Nhamba: Avhareji yehuwandu hwekabhoni (inoratidzwa sechikamu), semuenzaniso, T8 inomiririra huwandu hwekabhoni ≈0.8%, T12 inomiririra huwandu hwekabhoni ≈1.2%.
Mazita eSimbi yeUS: ASTM/SAE System
Mazita esimbi ekuUS anonyanya kutevedzera mitemo yeASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) uye SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Chimiro chikuru chine "musanganiswa wenhamba + chivakashure chebhii," zvichisimbisa kupatsanurwa kwemhando yesimbi uye kuzivikanwa kwehuwandu hwekabhoni.
1. Simbi yeKabhoni neSimbi yeChimiro cheAlloy (SAE/ASTM Common)
Magadzirirwo Epakati: Nhamba ine manhamba mana + (chinongedzo chebhii)
• Manhamba maviri ekutanga: Anoratidza rudzi rwesimbi nezvinhu zvekutanga zvekubatanidza, zvichishanda se "kodhi yekupatsanura". Mashandiro akafanana anosanganisira:
◦10XX: Simbi yekabhoni (isina zvinhu zvinosanganisa), semuenzaniso, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Simbi ine kabhoni yakawanda (manganese content 1.00%-1.65%), semuenzaniso, 1524.
◦41XX: Simbi yeChromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), semuenzaniso, 4140.
◦43XX: Simbi yeNickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), semuenzaniso, 4340.
◦30XX: Simbi yeNickel-Chromium (ine 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), semuenzaniso, 3040.
• Manhamba maviri ekupedzisira: Avhareji yehuwandu hwekabhoni (muzvikamu pazviuru gumi), semuenzaniso, 1045 inoratidza huwandu hwekabhoni ≈ 0.45%, 4140 inoratidza huwandu hwekabhoni ≈ 0.40%.
• Zvidimbu zvemabhii: Zvinopa hunhu hwekuwedzera hwezvinhu, hunowanzo sanganisira:
◦ B: Simbi ine Boron (inowedzera kuomarara), semuenzaniso, 10B38.
◦ L: Simbi ine mutobvu (inobatsira kuti michina ishande zvakanaka), semuenzaniso, 12L14.
◦ H: Simbi inosimbiswa kuti inogona kuoma, semuenzaniso, 4140H.
2. Simbi Isina Zvisimbiso (Zvikurukuru ASTM Standards)
Magadzirirwo Emukati: Nhamba ine manhamba matatu (+ bhii)
• Nhamba: Inomiririra "nhamba yekutevera" inoenderana nechimiro chakasimba uye hunhu. Kuyeuka kwakakwana; kuverenga hakudiwi. Magiredhi akajairika eindasitiri anosanganisira:
◦304: 18%-20% chromium, 8%-10.5% nickel, simbi isingatsvedzeri (inonyanya kushandiswa, inodzivirira ngura).
◦316: Inowedzera 2%-3% molybdenum ku304, ichipa simba rekudzivirira acid/alkali uye kushanda zvakanaka pakupisa kwakanyanya.
◦430: 16%-18% chromium, simbi isina ngura yeferritic (isina nickel, inodhura zvishoma, inogona kuita ngura).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, simbi isina tsvina yemartensitic (inoomeswa, kuomarara kwakanyanya).
• Zvidimbu zvemabhii: Semuenzaniso, "L" mu304L inoreva kabhoni yakaderera (kabhoni ≤0.03%), zvichideredza ngura pakati pegranular panguva yekusveta; "H" mu304H inoreva kabhoni yakawanda (kabhoni 0.04%-0.10%), zvichiwedzera simba rekupisa kwakanyanya.
Kusiyana Kwakakosha Pakati Pemazita eChinese neAmerican Grade
1. Mafungiro Akasiyana Emazita
Mitemo yeChina yekupa mazita inotarisa zvakakwana simba rekugadzira, huwandu hwekabhoni, zvinhu zve alloy, nezvimwewo, ichishandisa musanganiswa wemabhii, nhamba, uye zviratidzo zve element kuratidza hunhu hwesimbi, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuyeuka nekunzwisisa. US inonyanya kuvimba nenhamba dzakatevedzana kuratidza mamakisi esimbi uye maumbirwo ayo, izvo zviri muchidimbu asi zvakaoma zvishoma kuti vasiri nyanzvi vatsanangure.
2. Tsanangudzo muKumiririrwa kweAlloy Element
China inopa mufananidzo wakadzama wezvinhu zve alloy, ichitsanangura nzira dzekuisa mazita zvichienderana nehuwandu hwakasiyana hwezviri mukati; Kunyange zvazvo US ichiratidzawo zviri mukati me alloy, manyorerwo ayo ezvinhu zvidiki akasiyana nemaitiro eChina.
3. Kusiyana Kwezvido Zvekushandisa
Nekuda kwemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yeindasitiri uye maitiro ekuvaka, China neUS dzinoratidza zvisarudzo zvakasiyana zvemhando dzesimbi mune mamwe mashandisirwo. Semuenzaniso, mukuvaka simbi yekuvaka, China inowanzo shandisa simbi dzekuvaka dzine simba rakaderera senge Q345; US inogona kusarudza simbi dzinoenderana zvichienderana neASTM standards.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-27-2025
