Gusobanura neza amanota y'icyuma ni ingenzi cyane mu kwemeza ko ibikoresho byubahirizwa kandi umutekano w'umushinga ugenzurwa mu miterere y'ibyuma, mu kugura no kubaka. Nubwo sisitemu zo gupima ibyuma zo mu bihugu byombi zifitanye isano, nazo zigaragaza itandukaniro rigaragara. Gusobanukirwa neza ayo tandukaniro ni ingenzi ku banyamwuga mu nganda.
Ibishushanyo by'ibyuma by'Abashinwa
Inyuguti z'icyuma zo mu Bushinwa zikurikiza imiterere y'ibanze ya "inyuguti ya Pinyin + ikimenyetso cy'ikintu cya shimi + imibare y'icyarabu," aho buri nyuguti igaragaza imiterere yihariye y'ibikoresho. Hasi aha hari isesengura ry'ubwoko busanzwe bw'icyuma:
1. Icyuma cy'ubwubatsi bwa karuboni/icyuma cy'ubwubatsi gifite imbaraga nke (gikunze gukoreshwa cyane)
Imiterere y'ibanze: Q + Agaciro k'umusaruro + Ikimenyetso cy'ubuziranenge + Ikimenyetso cy'uburyo bwo gukuraho ogisijeni
• Q: Bikomoka ku nyuguti y'ibanze ya "agace k'umusaruro" muri pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), bigaragaza imbaraga z'umusaruro nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze cy'imikorere.
• Agaciro k'imibare: Igaragaza neza aho umusaruro ugarukira (igice: MPa). Urugero, Q235 igaragaza aho umusaruro ugarukira ≥235 MPa, mu gihe Q345 igaragaza ≥345 MPa.
• Ikimenyetso cy'Ubuziranenge: Gishyizwe mu byiciro bitanu (A, B, C, D, E) bihuye n'ibisabwa ku bukomere bw'ingaruka kuva ku rugero rwo hasi kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru (Urwego A nta kizamini cy'ingaruka gisaba; Icyiciro E gisaba -40°C ikizamini cy'ubushyuhe buke). Urugero, Q345D yerekana icyuma gikozwe mu buryo buke gifite imbaraga za 345 MPa n'ubuziranenge bwa Icyiciro D.
• Ibimenyetso by'uburyo bwo gukuraho ogisijeni: F (icyuma kigenda gitembera), b (icyuma cyishwe), Z (icyuma cyishwe), TZ (icyuma cyishwe cyihariye). Icyuma cyishwe gitanga ubuziranenge bwiza kurusha icyuma kigenda gitembera. Ubuhanga mu by'ubuhanga bukunze gukoresha Z cyangwa TZ (ishobora gukurwaho). Urugero, Q235AF yerekana icyuma kigenda gitembera, mu gihe Q235B igaragaza icyuma cyishwe gitembera (cyangwa icyuma cyishwe gitembera).
2. Icyuma cy'ubwubatsi cya karuboni cyiza cyane
Imiterere y'ibanze: Umubare w'imibare ibiri + (Mn)
• Umubare w'imibare ibiri: Ugaragaza ingano mpuzandengo ya karuboni (igaragazwa mu bice ku bihumbi icumi), urugero, icyuma 45 kigaragaza ingano ya karuboni ≈ 0.45%, icyuma 20 kigaragaza ingano ya karuboni ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Igaragaza ingano nini ya manganese (> 0.7%). Urugero, 50Mn isobanura icyuma cya karuboni gifite manganese nyinshi gifite 0.50% ya karuboni.
3. Icyuma cy'ubwubatsi cya Alloy
Imiterere y'ibanze: Inomero y'imibare ibiri + ikimenyetso cy'ikintu cy'aluminiyumu + inomero + (ibindi bimenyetso by'ikintu cy'aluminiyumu + imibare)
• Imibare ibiri ya mbere: Impuzandengo y'ibipimo bya karuboni (kuri ibihumbi icumi), urugero, "40" muri 40Cr igaragaza ibipimo bya karuboni ≈ 0.40%.
• Ibimenyetso by'ibice by'aluminiyumu: Muri rusange Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicone), Ni (nikeli), Mo (molybdenum), n'ibindi, bigaragaza ibintu by'ibanze bivangavanze.
• Ikintu gikurikira imibare: Kigaragaza impuzandengo y'ibikubiye mu gice cy'icyuma (mu ijana). Ibikubiye <1.5% ntibigaragaza umubare; 1.5%-2.49% bigaragaza "2", n'ibindi. Urugero, muri 35CrMo, nta mubare ukurikira "Cr" (ibikubiye ≈ 1%), kandi nta mubare ukurikira "Mo" (ibikubiye ≈ 0.2%). Ibi bigaragaza icyuma cyubatswe mu cyuma gifite 0.35% karuboni, kirimo chromium na molybdenum.
4. Icyuma kidashyuha/Icyuma kidashyuha
Imiterere y'ibanze: Umubare + Ikimenyetso cy'ikintu cy'aluminiyumu + Umubare + (Ibindi bintu)
• Umubare w’ingenzi: Ugaragaza impuzandengo y’ibipimo bya karuboni (mu bice kuri igihumbi), urugero, “2” muri 2Cr13 igaragaza ingano ya karuboni ≈0.2%, “0” muri 0Cr18Ni9 igaragaza ingano ya karuboni ≤0.08%.
• Ikimenyetso cy'ikintu cya Alloy + umubare: Ibintu nka Cr (chromium) cyangwa Ni (nickel) bikurikiwe n'umubare bigaragaza impuzandengo y'ibikubiye mu kintu (mu ijana). Urugero, 1Cr18Ni9 igaragaza icyuma cya austenitic stainless steel gifite 0.1% ya karuboni, 18% ya chromium, na 9% ya nickel.
5. Igikoresho cya Karuboni cy'icyuma
Imiterere y'ibanze: T + umubare
• T: Bikomoka ku nyuguti y'ibanze ya "karuboni" muri pinyin (Tan), ihagarariye icyuma cy'ibikoresho bya karuboni.
• Umubare: Impuzandengo y'ibipimo bya karuboni (bigaragazwa nk'ijanisha), urugero, T8 igaragaza ibipimo bya karuboni ≈0.8%, T12 igaragaza ibipimo bya karuboni ≈1.2%.
Inyito z'Ibyuma bya Amerika: Sisitemu ya ASTM/SAE
Imiterere y'ibyuma muri Amerika ikurikiza cyane cyane amahame ya ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) na SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Imiterere y'ibanze igizwe n' "imvange y'imibare + inyuguti," ishimangira ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'ibipimo by'ibyuma n'itandukaniro ry'ibikubiye muri karuboni.
1. Icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma cy'ubwubatsi (SAE/ASTM Common)
Imiterere y'ibanze: Umubare w'imibare ine + (inyuguti y'inyuma)
• Imibare ibiri ya mbere: Igaragaza ubwoko bw'icyuma n'ibintu by'ibanze byo guteranya, bikoreshwa nk'"kode yo gushyira mu byiciro." Amasezerano asanzwe arimo:
◦10XX: Icyuma cya karuboni (nta bintu bivangavanze), urugero, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Icyuma cya karuboni gifite manganese nyinshi (ingano ya manganese ni 1.00%-1.65%), urugero, 1524.
◦41XX: Icyuma cya Chromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), urugero, 4140.
◦43XX: Icyuma cya Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), urugero, 4340.
◦30XX: Icyuma cya Nickel-Chromium (kirimo 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), urugero, 3040.
• Imibare ibiri ya nyuma: Igaragaza impuzandengo y'ibipimo bya karuboni (mu bice ku bihumbi icumi), urugero, 1045 igaragaza ingano ya karuboni ≈ 0.45%, 4140 igaragaza ingano ya karuboni ≈ 0.40%.
• Inyuguti zito: Bitanga imiterere y'inyongera y'ibikoresho, muri rusange harimo:
◦ B: Icyuma kirimo boroni (cyongera ubushobozi bwo gukomera), urugero, 10B38.
◦ L: Icyuma kirimo icyuma gikozwe muri lisansi (gifasha mu gutunganya ibikoresho), urugero: 12L14.
◦ H: Icyuma gihamye cyo gukomera, urugero, 4140H.
2. Icyuma kitagira umwanda (Byinshi ni ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ASTM)
Imiterere y'ibanze: Inomero y'imibare itatu (+ inyuguti)
• Umubare: Ugaragaza "umubare w'uruhererekane" ujyanye n'imiterere n'imiterere idahinduka. Gufata mu mutwe birahagije; kubara ntabwo ari ngombwa. Amanota rusange y'inganda arimo:
◦304: 18%-20% ya chromium, 8%-10.5% nikeli, icyuma kitagira umugese cya austenitic (kikunze kugaragara cyane, kirwanya ingese).
◦316: Yongeraho 2%-3% ya molybdenum kuri 304, itanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya aside/alkali kandi ikagira imikorere myiza mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
◦430: 16%-18% ya chromium, icyuma kitagira umugese cya ferritic (kidafite nikeli, gihendutse, gishobora kwangirika).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, icyuma kitagira umugese cya martensitic (gikomera, gifite ubukana bwinshi).
• Inyuguti zihinnye: Urugero, “L” muri 304L yerekana karuboni nkeya (karuboni ≤0.03%), bigabanya ingese hagati y’uduce duto mu gihe cyo gusudira; “H” muri 304H igaragaza karuboni nyinshi (karuboni 0.04%-0.10%), byongera imbaraga z’ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi hagati y'inyito z'amanota z'Abashinwa n'Abanyamerika
1. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwita amazina
Amategeko y’Ubushinwa yo kwita amazina areba byimazeyo imbaraga z’umusaruro, ingano ya karuboni, ibintu by’ubutare, nibindi, hakoreshejwe inyuguti, imibare, n’ibimenyetso by’ibintu kugira ngo hagaragazwe neza imiterere y’icyuma, byorohereza gufata mu mutwe no gusobanukirwa. Amerika yishingikiriza cyane cyane ku mibare kugira ngo yerekane amanota n’imiterere y’icyuma, ibi bikaba ari ibintu bigufi ariko bigoye gato ku batari inzobere kubisobanura.
2. Ibisobanuro birambuye mu miterere y'ibice by'alulongi
Ubushinwa butanga ishusho irambuye y’ibintu by’ubutare, bugaragaza uburyo bwo gushyira ibirango hashingiwe ku bikubiyemo bitandukanye; Nubwo Amerika nayo igaragaza ibikubiye mu butare, uburyo bwo kwandika ibintu by’ubutare butandukanye n’uburyo Ubushinwa bukoresha.
3. Itandukaniro ry'ibyo umuntu akunda mu ikoreshwa
Bitewe n'amahame atandukanye y'inganda n'uburyo bwo kubaka, Ubushinwa na Amerika bigaragaza amahitamo atandukanye ku byiciro byihariye by'ibyuma mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe. Urugero, mu bwubatsi bw'ibyuma, Ubushinwa bukunze gukoresha ibyuma by'ubwubatsi bifite imbaraga nke nka Q345; Amerika ishobora guhitamo ibyuma bihuye na byo hashingiwe ku mahame ya ASTM.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-27-2025
