Gusobanura neza ibyiciro byibyuma nibyingenzi kugirango hubahirizwe ibikoresho n'umutekano wumushinga mugushushanya ibyuma byubatswe, amasoko, nubwubatsi. Mugihe sisitemu yo gutondekanya ibyuma mubihugu byombi isangiye amasano, irerekana kandi itandukaniro ritandukanye. Gusobanukirwa neza itandukaniro ni ngombwa kubanyamwuga.
Ibishinwa
Ibyuma byubushinwa byerekana imiterere yibanze ya "Inyuguti ya Pinyin + ibimenyetso bya shimi + nimero yicyarabu," hamwe na buri nyuguti igereranya ibintu byihariye. Hasi ni ugusenyuka kubwoko busanzwe bwibyuma:
1.
Imiterere yibanze: Q + Umusaruro Agaciro Agaciro + Ikimenyetso Cyiza Cyiza + Ikimenyetso Cyuburyo bwa Deoxidation
• Ikibazo: Bikomoka ku nyuguti ibanza ya “point point” muri pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), bisobanura imbaraga z'umusaruro nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze.
• Agaciro k'umubare: Byerekana mu buryo butaziguye ingingo y'umusaruro (unit: MPa). Kurugero, Q235 yerekana ingingo yumusaruro ≥ 235 MPa, mugihe Q345 yerekana MP345 MPa.
• Ikimenyetso Cyiza Cyiza: Bishyizwe mubyiciro bitanu (A, B, C, D, E) bihuye nibisabwa gukomera kuva hasi kugeza hejuru (Icyiciro A ntigisaba ikizamini cyingaruka; Icyiciro cya E gisaba -40 ° C ikizamini cyubushyuhe buke). Kurugero, Q345D yerekana ibyuma bito-bivanze hamwe nimbaraga zitanga 345 MPa hamwe nubwiza bwa Grade D.
• Ibimenyetso byuburyo bwa Deoxidation: F (ibyuma bikoresha ubusa), b (ibyuma byica igice), Z (ibyuma byishe), TZ (ibyuma byishe bidasanzwe). Ibyuma byishe bitanga ubuziranenge bwicyuma-gikora ubusa. Imyitozo yubuhanga ikunze gukoresha Z cyangwa TZ (irashobora kuvaho). Kurugero, Q235AF isobanura ibyuma bikoresha ubusa, mugihe Q235B isobanura ibyuma byica igice (bitemewe).
2. Icyuma Cyiza Cyiza Cyububiko Cyuma
Imiterere yibanze: Umubare wimibare ibiri + (Mn)
• Umubare wimibare ibiri: Yerekana impuzandengo ya karubone (igaragarira mubice ku bihumbi icumi), urugero, ibyuma 45 byerekana karubone ≈ 0.45%, ibyuma 20 byerekana karubone ≈ 0,20%.
• Mn: Yerekana ibintu byinshi bya manganese (> 0.7%). Kurugero, 50Mn yerekana ibyuma bya karubone-manganese hamwe na karubone 0,50%.
3. Kuvanga ibyuma byubaka
Imiterere yibanze: Umubare wimibare ibiri + ibimenyetso bya alloy ikimenyetso ikimenyetso + umubare + (ibindi bimenyetso bya alloy element ibimenyetso + imibare)
• Imibare ibiri yambere: Impuzandengo ya karubone (ku bihumbi icumi), urugero, “40” muri 40Cr yerekana ibirimo karubone ≈ 0,40%.
• Ibimenyetso bya Alloy element: Mubisanzwe Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nikel), Mo (molybdenum), nibindi, byerekana ibintu byambere bivanga.
• Imibare ikurikira: Yerekana ibice bigize ibigereranyo (ibice ijana). Ibirimo <1.5% bisiba imibare; 1.5% -2.49% bisobanura “2”, nibindi. Kurugero, muri 35CrMo, nta mubare ukurikira "Cr" (ibirimo ≈ 1%), kandi nta mubare ukurikira "Mo" (ibirimo ≈ 0.2%). Ibi bisobanura ibyuma byubatswe hamwe na karuboni 0.35%, irimo chromium na molybdenum.
4. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda / Ubushyuhe-butarwanya ibyuma
Imiterere yibanze: Umubare + Ikimenyetso cya Alloy Ikimenyetso + Umubare + (Ibindi bice)
• Umubare wambere: Uhagarariye ikigereranyo cya karubone (mubice ku gihumbi), urugero, “2” muri 2Cr13 yerekana karubone ≈0.2%, “0” muri 0Cr18Ni9 yerekana ibirimo karubone ≤0.08%.
• Alloy element ikimenyetso + umubare: Ibintu nka Cr (chromium) cyangwa Ni (nikel) bikurikirwa numubare ugereranya ibipimo ngereranyo (mubice). Kurugero, 1Cr18Ni9 yerekana ibyuma bitagira umuyonga wa austenitis hamwe na karubone 0.1%, chromium 18%, na nikel 9%.
5. Ibikoresho bya Carbone
Imiterere yibanze: T + umubare
• T: Yakomotse ku nyuguti ibanza ya “karubone” muri pinyin (Tan), igereranya ibyuma bya karubone.
• Umubare: Impuzandengo ya karubone (igaragazwa nkijanisha), urugero, T8 yerekana ibirimo karubone ≈0.8%, T12 bivuga karubone ≈1.2%.
Ibicuruzwa byo muri Amerika: Sisitemu ya ASTM / SAE
Ibyuma byo muri Amerika byerekana mbere na mbere gukurikiza ibipimo bya ASTM (Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe ibizamini n'ibikoresho) na SAE (Sosiyete y'Abashinzwe Imodoka). Imiterere yibanze igizwe n "imibare ihuza + inyuguti yinyuguti," ishimangira ibyiciro byicyuma no kumenya ibirimo karubone.
1. Ibyuma bya Carbone na Alloy Structural Steel (SAE / ASTM Bisanzwe)
Imiterere yibanze: Umubare wimibare ine + (inyuguti yinyuguti)
• Imibare ibiri yambere: Erekana ubwoko bwibyuma nibintu byambere bivanga, bikora nka "code ya classique." Inzandiko zisanzwe zirimo:
◦10XX: Ibyuma bya karubone (nta bintu bivanga), urugero, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Ibyuma bya karubone-manganese nyinshi (ibirimo manganese 1.00% -1,65%), urugero, 1524.
◦41XX: Chromium-molybdenum ibyuma (chromium 0,50% -0,90%, molybdenum 0,12% -0,20%), urugero, 4140.
◦43XX: Icyuma cya Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (nikel 1,65% -2.00%, chromium 0,40% -0.60%), urugero, 4340.
◦30XX: Icyuma cya Nickel-Chromium (kirimo 2.00% -2,50% Ni, 0,70% -1.00% Cr), urugero, 3040.
• Imibare ibiri yanyuma: Kugereranya ikigereranyo cya karubone (mubice ku bihumbi icumi), urugero, 1045 yerekana karubone ≈ 0.45%, 4140 yerekana ibirimo karubone ≈ 0,40%.
• Inyuguti zinyuguti: Tanga ibikoresho byinyongera, mubisanzwe harimo:
B: Ibyuma birimo Boron (byongera gukomera), urugero, 10B38.
L: Icyuma kirimo ibyuma (byorohereza imashini), urugero, 12L14.
H: Icyuma cyemewe gukomera, urugero, 4140H.
2. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda (Byibanze ASTM Ibipimo)
Imiterere yibanze: Umubare wimibare itatu (+ inyuguti)
• Umubare: Yerekana "numero ikurikirana" ijyanye nibigize hamwe nimiterere. Gufata mu mutwe birahagije; kubara ntabwo ari ngombwa. Ibyiciro rusange byinganda birimo:
◦304: 18% -20% chromium, 8% -10.5% nikel, ibyuma bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga (bikunze kugaragara, birwanya ruswa).
16316: Ongeraho 2% -3% molybdenum kuri 304, itanga aside irike / irwanya alkali hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
◦430: 16% -18% chromium, ferritic ferless ibyuma (nikel idafite, igiciro gito, ikunda ingese).
◦410: 11.5% -13.5% chromium, martensitike ibyuma bitagira umuyonga (birakomeye, bikomeye).
• Inyuguti zinyuguti: Urugero, “L” muri 304L yerekana karubone nkeya (karubone ≤0.03%), igabanya kwangirika hagati yimibumbe mugihe cyo gusudira; “H” muri 304H yerekana karubone nyinshi (karubone 0,04% -0,10%), ikongerera imbaraga ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Itandukaniro Ryibanze Hagati yubushinwa nu Banyamerika
1. Ibintu Bitandukanye byo Kwita Izina
Amategeko yo kwita izina Ubushinwa atekereza byimazeyo imbaraga zitanga umusaruro, ibirimo karubone, ibivanze, nibindi, ukoresheje guhuza inyuguti, imibare, nibimenyetso byibintu kugirango ugaragaze neza imitungo yicyuma, byoroshye gufata mumutwe no gusobanukirwa. Amerika ishingiye cyane cyane ku mibare ikurikirana kugira ngo yerekane amanota y'ibyuma n'ibihimbano, ibyo bikaba bigufi ariko bigoye cyane kubatari inzobere kubisobanura.
2. Ibisobanuro birambuye muri Alloy Element Guhagararira
Ubushinwa butanga ibisobanuro birambuye byerekana ibintu bivanze, byerekana uburyo bwo kuranga bushingiye kubintu bitandukanye; Mugihe Amerika nayo yerekana ibiyikubiyemo, ibisobanuro byayo kubintu bitandukanye nibikorwa byubushinwa.
3. Gusaba Ibyatoranijwe Bitandukanye
Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwinganda nuburyo bwubwubatsi, Ubushinwa na Amerika byerekana ibyifuzo bitandukanye kumanota yihariye mubisabwa. Kurugero, mubwubatsi bwibyuma byubatswe, Ubushinwa busanzwe bukoresha ibyuma bito-binini cyane-byubaka ibyuma nka Q345; Amerika irashobora guhitamo ibyuma bihuye bishingiye kubipimo bya ASTM.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-27-2025
