Ni ibihe bipimo ngenderwaho bikurikizwa ku miyoboro y'icyuma itwara peteroli na gaze? Ni ubuhe bugenzuzi ibicuruzwa bikorerwa?

Muri iki gihe, amahame ngenderwaho yemewe cyane ku miyoboro y'icyuma ikwirakwiza peteroli na gaze haba mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga arimo:
(1) API SPEC 5L "Ibisobanuro ku muyoboro w'imiyoboro" yatanzwe n'Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika gishinzwe Peteroli.
(2) Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga ISO 3183-1, -2, -3 "Inganda za peteroli na gaze karemano - Umuyoboro w'icyuma ku miyoboro - Ibisabwa mu gutanga ibikoresho bya tekiniki".
(3) Kuri zimwe mu nzira z'ingenzi zo gukora imiyoboro miremire, hashyirwaho amabwiriza y'inyongera ku bijyanye n'amasoko hashingiwe ku bidukikije byihariye.

 

I. Ishyirwa mu byiciro n'itandukaniro ry'ingenzi ry'imiyoboro y'icyuma mu bipimo ngenderwaho bya API byo kohereza peteroli na gaze

API 5L muri rusange yerekeza ku gipimo ngenderwaho cy’imikorere y’imiyoboro y’imiyoboro, kigizwe n’ibyiciro bibiri by’ingenzi: imiyoboro y’icyuma idakora neza n’imiyoboro y’icyuma ivanze. Ku miyoboro ikwirakwiza peteroli, ubwoko bw’imiyoboro ivanze bukoreshwa cyane burimo imiyoboro ya Spiral Submerged Arc Welded (imiyoboro ya SSAW), Imiyoboro yometseho Arc Welded yo mu gihe kirekire (Imiyoboro ya LSAW), n'imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu gusuka ikoresheje amashanyarazi (imiyoboro ya ERW). Imiyoboro y'icyuma idafite umushonoakenshi bitoranywa iyo umurambararo w'umuyoboro uri munsi ya mm 152.

Igipimo ngenderwaho cy’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa cya GB/T 9711-2011 "Inganda za peteroli na gaze karemano - Umuyoboro w’icyuma wo gutwara imiyoboro" cyakozwe hashingiwe kuri API 5L.
GB/T 9711-2011 igaragaza ibisabwa mu nganda ku miyoboro y'icyuma idakora kandi ivanze ku rwego rubiri rw'ibicuruzwa (PSL1 na PSL2) bikoreshwa mu gutwara imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze karemano. Kubwibyo, iyi ngingo ikoreshwa gusa ku miyoboro y'icyuma idakora kandi ivanze yo kohereza peteroli na gaze karemano, ntabwo ikoreshwa ku miyoboro y'icyuma ivanze.

 

Ibyiciro by'icyuma
Amahame ngenderwaho ya API 5L akubiyemo ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibyuma ku bikoresho fatizo, harimo GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X70, X80, n'ibindi. Amahame atandukanye y'ibyuma afite ibisabwa bitandukanye ku bikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bwo kubitunganya, ariko ingano ya karuboni mu byiciro bitandukanye igenzurwa cyane.

 

Amahame y'Ubuziranenge
MuriUmuyoboro w'icyuma wa API 5Libipimo ngenderwaho, ibisabwa mu bwiza bigabanyijemo PSL1 na PSL2. PSL isobanura urwego rw'ibicuruzwa.
PSL1 itanga ibisabwa ku rwego rusange rw'ubuziranenge ku miyoboro y'imiyoboro, mu gihe PSL2 itanga ibisabwa ku miterere y'imiti, gukomera kw'imirongo, imiterere y'imbaraga, n'isuzuma ry'inyongera ritangiza (NDE).
Ku miyoboro ya PSL1, urwego rw'imiyoboro ni rumwe n'urwego rw'icyuma (cyangwa se imiterere, urugero, X42, aho 42 ihagarariye imbaraga nkeya z'umusaruro muri psi). Urwego rugizwe n'inyuguti cyangwa uruvange rw'inyuguti n'imibare bigaragaza urwego rw'imbaraga z'umuyoboro kandi bifitanye isano n'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'icyuma.
Ku miyoboro ya PSL2, urwego rugizwe kandi n'inyuguti cyangwa uruvange rw'inyuguti n'imibare bigaragaza urwego rw'imbaraga z'umuyoboro kandi bifitanye isano n'imiterere y'icyuma. Byongeye kandi, harimo inyuguti y'ibanze igizwe n'inyuguti imwe (R, N, Q, cyangwa M) igaragaza imiterere y'umuyoboro. Ku miyoboro ya PSL2, nyuma y'imiterere y'umuyoboro, hashobora kubaho inyuguti zigaragaza imiterere y'umuyoboro: S ku bidukikije bya serivisi mbi cyangwa O ku bidukikije bya serivisi mu nyanja.

 

Kugereranya Ibipimo by'Ubuziranenge

1. PSL2 ifite amahame y’ubuziranenge ari hejuru ya PSL1. Izi nzego ebyiri zigena ibipimo bitandukanye atari mu bisabwa mu igenzura gusa ahubwo no mu bisabwa mu miterere ya shimi n’imiterere ya mekanike. Kubwibyo, mu gutumiza hakurikijwe API 5L, uretse kugena ibipimo bisanzwe nk’ibipimo n’amanota y’icyuma mu masezerano, urwego rw’ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa (PSL1 cyangwa PSL2) rugomba kandi kugaragazwa. PSL2 irakomeye kurusha PSL1 mu bijyanye n’imiterere ya shimi, imiterere yo gukurura, ingufu z’ingaruka, n’ibipimo byo gupima bitangiza.
2. PSL1 ntabwo isaba isuzuma ry’imikorere y’ingaruka, mu gihe PSL2 isaba ko ku byuma byose bipima ingano uretse X80, impuzandengo y’ingano yuzuye ya 0°C Akv (ingufu z’ingaruka) igomba kuba: uburebure bwa ≥ 41 J na uburebure bwa ≥ 27 J. Ku byuma bya X80, impuzandengo y’ingano yuzuye ya 0°C Akv igomba kuba: uburebure bwa ≥ 101 J na uburebure bwa ≥ 68 J.
3. Imiyoboro y'amazi igomba gupimwa hifashishijwe umuyoboro umwe ku wundi, kandi ibipimo ntibyemerera ibizamini bidasenya gusimbura ibizamini bya hydrostatic. Iri ni itandukaniro rinini hagati y'ibipimo bya API n'ibipimo by'Abashinwa. PSL1 ntisaba ibizamini bidasenya, mu gihe PSL2 isaba ibizamini bidasenya hifashishijwe umuyoboro umwe ku wundi.

 

II. Ishyirwa mu byiciro n'itandukaniro ry'ingenzi ry'imiyoboro y'icyuma mu bipimo ngenderwaho bya ISO ku miyoboro y'icyuma idafite umushongi itwara peteroli na gaze

Mu gipimo cya ISO 3183 ku miyoboro y'icyuma itwara peteroli na gaze, imiyoboro y'icyuma igabanywamo ibice bitatu (A, B, na C) hashingiwe ku itandukaniro ry'ibisabwa mu bwiza, bizwi kandi nk'ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya A, icya B, na cya C.
Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi ni iri rikurikira: Ibisabwa ku rwego rwa ISO 3183-1 bigena ubuziranenge bw'ibanze bungana n'ubwo muri API SPEC 5L, busanzwe. Ibisabwa ku rwego rwa ISO 3183-2 bigena ubuziranenge bw'ibanze, uretse ibisabwa ku rwego rwa B, harimo n'ibindi bisabwa kugira ngo bikomere kandi bitangiza. Ku bikorwa bimwe na bimwe byihariye, nko mu bidukikije bibi, imiterere y'inyanja, n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe buke, bishyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye ku bwiza no kugerageza imiyoboro y'icyuma idakora, ibi bigaragarira cyane cyane mu bisabwa ku rwego rwa ISO 3183-3 bigena ubuziranenge bw'uburebure bwa C.

 

Twakomeje gukurikiza amahame yo hejuru mu nganda zikora imiyoboro y'icyuma itwara peteroli na gaze. Ibicuruzwa byacu bifite icyemezo cya API, kandi ibicuruzwa byose bikorwa kandi bigasuzumwa hakurikijwe amahame mpuzamahanga n'ay'imbere mu gihugu nka API 5L na GB/T 9711-2011, bigamije kwemeza ko bifite ubuziranenge, kwizerwa, kandi ko bigengwa n'umutekano. Byujuje ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa ry'ibintu bitandukanye, harimo imiyoboro ikoreshwa kure, ibidukikije bito, n'ibidukikije byo mu nyanja. Hitamo imiyoboro yacu y'icyuma mu mishinga yawe y'imiyoboro kandi wishimire amahoro yo mu mutima aturuka ku gukoresha ibicuruzwa byemewe kandi bifite ubuziranenge.