Kutanthauzira molondola kwa magiredi achitsulo ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso chitetezo cha polojekiti pamapangidwe achitsulo, kugula ndi kumanga. Ngakhale makina opangira zitsulo m'maiko onsewa amagawana kulumikizana, amawonetsanso kusiyana kosiyana. Kumvetsetsa bwino za kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwa akatswiri amakampani.
Zitsulo zaku China
Zitsulo zaku China zimatsata mtundu wa "Pinyin letter + chemical element element + Arabic numeral," ndipo chilembo chilichonse chikuyimira zinthu zinazake. Pansipa pali kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yodziwika bwino yachitsulo:
1. Zitsulo Zomangamanga za Carbon/Chitsulo Chotsika-Aloyi Champhamvu Kwambiri (Chodziwika Kwambiri)
Mtundu Wachikulu: Q + Phindu la Zokolola + Chizindikiro Chapamwamba cha Gulu + Chizindikiro cha Njira Yochepetsera
• Q: Kuchokera ku chilembo choyambirira cha "zokolola" mu pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), kutanthauza mphamvu zokolola monga chizindikiro choyambirira cha ntchito.
• Nambala yachiwerengero: Imasonyeza mwachindunji malo okolola (gawo: MPa). Mwachitsanzo, Q235 imasonyeza zokolola ≥235 MPa, pamene Q345 imasonyeza ≥345 MPa.
• Chizindikiro cha Magiredi Abwino: Amagawidwa m'magiredi asanu (A, B, C, D, E) mogwirizana ndi zomwe zimafunikira kulimba kuyambira kutsika mpaka kumtunda (Giredi A safuna kuyesa zotsatira; Gulu E limafuna -40°C kuyesa kutsika kwa kutentha). Mwachitsanzo, Q345D imatanthauza chitsulo chochepa cha alloy chokhala ndi mphamvu zokolola za 345 MPa ndi khalidwe la Grade D.
• Zizindikiro za njira ya deoxidation: F (zitsulo zopanda ntchito), b (chitsulo chophatikizika), Z (chitsulo chophedwa), TZ (chitsulo chapadera chophedwa). Chitsulo chophedwa chimapereka khalidwe lapamwamba kuposa zitsulo zopanda ntchito. Zochita zaumisiri nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito Z kapena TZ (zitha kuzisiyidwa). Mwachitsanzo, Q235AF imayimira chitsulo chosagwira ntchito, pomwe Q235B imayimira chitsulo chophedwa ndi theka (chosakhazikika).
2. Zitsulo Zapamwamba za Carbon Structural Steel
Mtundu Wapakati: Nambala ya manambala awiri + (Mn)
• Nambala ya manambala awiri: Imayimira pafupifupi mpweya wa carbon (wofotokozedwa m'magawo pa zikwi khumi), mwachitsanzo, zitsulo 45 zimasonyeza mpweya wa carbon ≈ 0.45%, 20 zitsulo zimasonyeza carbon ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa manganese (> 0.7%). Mwachitsanzo, 50Mn amatanthauza chitsulo champhamvu cha manganese chokhala ndi mpweya wa 0.50%.
3. Aloyi Structural Zitsulo
Mtundu wapakati: Nambala ya manambala awiri + chizindikiro cha alloy + nambala + (zizindikiro zina za alloy + manambala)
• Manambala awiri oyambirira: Avereji ya carbon (pa zikwi khumi), mwachitsanzo, “40” mu 40Cr imayimira mpweya wa carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Zizindikiro za zinthu za aloyi: Kawirikawiri Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimayimira ma element a alloying.
• Nambala zotsatirazi: Imawonetsa avareji ya chinthu cha alloy (mu peresenti). Zomwe zili <1.5% zimasiya manambala; 1.5% -2.49% amatanthauza "2", ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, mu 35CrMo, palibe nambala yomwe imatsatira "Cr" (zokhutira ≈ 1%), ndipo palibe nambala yotsatira "Mo" (zokhutira ≈ 0.2%). Izi zikutanthauza aloyi structural chitsulo ndi 0.35% mpweya, okhala chromium ndi molybdenum.
4. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri / Chitsulo Chopanda Kutentha
Mtundu Wapakati: Nambala + Chizindikiro cha Alloy Element + Nambala + (Zinthu Zina)
• Nambala yotsogola: Imayimira pafupifupi mpweya wa carbon (m'magawo a chikwi chimodzi), mwachitsanzo, "2" mu 2Cr13 imasonyeza carbon ≈0.2%, "0" mu 0Cr18Ni9 imasonyeza carbon ≤0.08%.
• Chizindikiro cha aloyi + nambala: Zinthu monga Cr (chromium) kapena Ni (nickel) zotsatiridwa ndi nambala yosonyeza avareji ya zinthu (mu peresenti). Mwachitsanzo, 1Cr18Ni9 imasonyeza chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chokhala ndi 0.1% carbon, 18% chromium, ndi 9% nickel.
5. Chitsulo cha Carbon Tool
Mtundu wapakati: T + nambala
• T: Kuchokera ku chilembo choyambirira cha "carbon" mu pinyin (Tan), kuimira carbon tool steel.
• Nambala: Avereji ya carbon (yofotokozedwa ngati peresenti), mwachitsanzo, T8 imasonyeza mpweya wa carbon ≈0.8%, T12 imasonyeza mpweya wa carbon ≈1.2%.
Maina a Zitsulo za US: ASTM/SAE System
Matchulidwe achitsulo aku US amatsata miyezo ya ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) ndi SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Mawonekedwe apakati amakhala ndi "chiwerengero chophatikizika cha manambala + mawu omangika a zilembo," kugogomezera magawo achitsulo komanso kuzindikiritsa za carbon.
1. Carbon Steel ndi Alloy Structural Steel (SAE/ASTM Common)
Mtundu Wapakati: Nambala ya manambala anayi + (chimake cha zilembo)
• Manambala awiri oyambirira: Tanthawuza mtundu wa chitsulo ndi zinthu zoyambira za alloying, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati "magawo amtundu." Makalata odziwika bwino ndi awa:
◦10XX: Chitsulo cha carbon (palibe ma alloying elements), mwachitsanzo, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: High-manganese carbon steel (manganese content 1.00% -1.65%), mwachitsanzo, 1524.
◦41XX: Chromium-molybdenum zitsulo (chromium 0.50% -0.90%, molybdenum 0.12% -0.20%), mwachitsanzo, 4140.
◦43XX: Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (nickel 1.65% -2.00%, chromium 0.40% -0.60%), mwachitsanzo, 4340.
◦30XX: Nickel-Chromium Steel (yokhala ndi 2.00% -2.50% Ni, 0.70% -1.00% Cr), mwachitsanzo, 3040.
• Manambala awiri omaliza: Kuyimira pafupifupi mpweya wa carbon (m'magawo pa zikwi khumi), mwachitsanzo, 1045 imasonyeza mpweya wa carbon ≈ 0.45%, 4140 imasonyeza carbon ≈ 0.40%.
• Zokwanira za zilembo: Perekani zina zowonjezera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo:
◦ B: Chitsulo chokhala ndi boron (chimapangitsa kulimba), mwachitsanzo, 10B38.
◦ L: Chitsulo chokhala ndi lead (chimathandizira machinability), mwachitsanzo, 12L14.
◦ H: Chitsulo chotsimikizika cholimba, mwachitsanzo, 4140H.
2. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (makamaka Miyezo ya ASTM)
Mtundu Wapakati: Nambala ya manambala atatu (+ chilembo)
• Nambala: Imayimira "nambala yotsatizana" yogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi katundu. Kuloweza ndi kokwanira; kuwerengera sikofunikira. Magulu odziwika amakampani ndi awa:
◦304: 18% -20% chromium, 8% -10.5% faifi tambala, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic (chofala kwambiri, chosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri).
◦316: Imawonjezera 2% -3% molybdenum ku 304, yopereka mphamvu yapamwamba ya asidi / alkali komanso kutentha kwapamwamba.
◦ 430: 16% -18% chromium, ferritic zosapanga dzimbiri (zopanda faifi tambala, zotsika mtengo, zomwe zimakhala ndi dzimbiri).
◦410: 11.5% -13.5% chromium, martensitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (cholimba, cholimba kwambiri).
• Ma suffixes a zilembo: Mwachitsanzo, "L" mu 304L amatanthauza mpweya wochepa (carbon ≤0.03%), kuchepetsa intergranular corrosion panthawi yowotcherera; "H" mu 304H imasonyeza mpweya wambiri (carbon 0.04% -0.10%), kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yotentha kwambiri.
Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Zolemba Zachi China ndi Amereka
1. Zosiyanasiyana Zopangira Matchulidwe
Malamulo aku China opatsa mayina amaganizira mozama mphamvu ya zokolola, zomwe zili mu kaboni, zinthu za aloyi, ndi zina zambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo, manambala, ndi zizindikilo zazinthu kuti afotokozere bwino zitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimathandizira kuloweza komanso kumvetsetsa. Dziko la US makamaka limadalira masanjidwe a manambala kuti asonyeze magiredi ndi zolemba zachitsulo, zomwe ndi zazifupi koma zovuta pang'ono kuti anthu omwe si akatswiri azitanthauzira.
2. Tsatanetsatane mu Alloy Element Representation
China imapereka chifaniziro chatsatanetsatane cha zinthu za aloyi, kufotokoza njira zolembera zomwe zimachokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana; Ngakhale kuti US ikuwonetsanso zomwe zili ndi alloy, zomwe zimatengera kutsata zinthu zimasiyana ndi machitidwe aku China.
3. Kusiyanasiyana Kokonda Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa miyezo yamakampani ndi kamangidwe kake, China ndi US amawonetsa zomwe amakonda pazitsulo zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, pomanga zitsulo, China nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zotsika kwambiri zamphamvu ngati Q345; US ikhoza kusankha zitsulo zofananira kutengera miyezo ya ASTM.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-27-2025
