Kutanthauzira molondola kwa magiredi achitsulo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zikutsatira malamulo ndi chitetezo cha polojekiti pakupanga chitsulo, kugula, ndi kumanga. Ngakhale kuti machitidwe owunikira zitsulo m'maiko onse awiriwa ali ndi mgwirizano wofanana, amawonetsanso kusiyana kwakukulu. Kumvetsetsa bwino kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwa akatswiri amakampani.
Zitsulo za ku China
Mawonekedwe achitsulo aku China amatsatira mawonekedwe apakati a "chilembo cha Pinyin + chizindikiro cha chinthu cha mankhwala + manambala achiarabu," ndipo chilembo chilichonse chikuyimira zinthu zinazake. Pansipa pali kusanthula kwa mitundu yodziwika bwino yachitsulo:
1. Chitsulo Chopangidwa ndi Kaboni/Chitsulo Chopangidwa ndi Kapangidwe Kakang'ono Chotsika (Chofala Kwambiri)
Mtundu wa Core: Q + Yield Point Value + Quality Grade Symbol + Deoxidation Method Symbol
• Q: Kuchokera ku chilembo choyambirira cha "point yield" mu pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), kusonyeza mphamvu ya yield ngati chizindikiro chachikulu cha magwiridwe antchito.
• Chiwerengero cha manambala: Chimasonyeza mwachindunji mfundo yopezera phindu (gawo: MPa). Mwachitsanzo, Q235 imasonyeza mfundo yopezera phindu ≥235 MPa, pomwe Q345 imasonyeza ≥345 MPa.
• Chizindikiro cha Ubwino wa Giredi: Chogawidwa m'magawo asanu (A, B, C, D, E) mogwirizana ndi zofunikira pakulimba kwa mphamvu kuyambira pansi mpaka pamwamba (Giredi A sikufuna mayeso a mphamvu; Giredi E imafuna mayeso a mphamvu ya kutentha kochepa -40°C). Mwachitsanzo, Q345D imasonyeza chitsulo chopanda aloyi chokhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ya 345 MPa ndi mtundu wa Giredi D.
• Zizindikiro za njira yochotsera poizoni: F (chitsulo chomasuka), b (chitsulo chophedwa pang'ono), Z (chitsulo chophedwa), TZ (chitsulo chophedwa chapadera). Chitsulo chophedwa chimapereka ubwino wapamwamba kuposa chitsulo chomasuka. Mainjiniya nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Z kapena TZ (ingachotsedwe). Mwachitsanzo, Q235AF imatanthauza chitsulo chomasuka, pomwe Q235B imatanthauza chitsulo chophedwa pang'ono (chosasinthika).
2. Chitsulo Chapamwamba Cha Kapangidwe ka Kaboni
Mtundu wa Pakati: Nambala ya manambala awiri + (Mn)
• Nambala ya manambala awiri: Imayimira kuchuluka kwa kaboni (komwe kumafotokozedwa m'zigawo pa zikwi khumi), mwachitsanzo, chitsulo 45 chimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈ 0.45%, chitsulo 20 chimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa manganese (>0.7%). Mwachitsanzo, 50Mn imasonyeza chitsulo cha kaboni chokhala ndi manganese ambiri chokhala ndi 0.50% ya kaboni.
3. Chitsulo Chopangidwa ndi Alloy
Mtundu wapakati: Nambala ya manambala awiri + chizindikiro cha chinthu cha alloy + nambala + (zizindikiro zina za chinthu cha alloy + manambala)
• Manambala awiri oyamba: Kuchuluka kwa kaboni (pa zikwi khumi), mwachitsanzo, "40" mu 40Cr ikuyimira kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈ 0.40%.
• Zizindikiro za chinthu cha alloy: Kawirikawiri Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimayimira zinthu zoyambira za alloy.
• Chigawo chotsatira cha manambala: Chimasonyeza kuchuluka kwapakati kwa chinthu cha alloy (mu peresenti). Zomwe zili <1.5% sizikutulutsa nambala; 1.5%-2.49% zimasonyeza "2", ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, mu 35CrMo, palibe nambala yotsatira "Cr" (zomwe zili ≈ 1%), ndipo palibe nambala yotsatira "Mo" (zomwe zili ≈ 0.2%). Izi zimasonyeza chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy chokhala ndi 0.35% kaboni, chokhala ndi chromium ndi molybdenum.
4. Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri/Chitsulo Chosatentha
Mtundu wa Pakati: Nambala + Chizindikiro cha Alloy Element + Nambala + (Zinthu Zina)
• Nambala yotsogola: Imayimira kuchuluka kwa kaboni (m'magawo pa chikwi), mwachitsanzo, "2" mu 2Cr13 imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈0.2%, "0" mu 0Cr18Ni9 imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≤0.08%.
• Chizindikiro cha chinthu cha alloy + nambala: Zinthu monga Cr (chromium) kapena Ni (nickel) zotsatiridwa ndi nambala zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu (mu peresenti). Mwachitsanzo, 1Cr18Ni9 imasonyeza chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chokhala ndi 0.1% carbon, 18% chromium, ndi 9% nickel.
5. Chitsulo cha Chida cha Kaboni
Mtundu wapakati: T + nambala
• T: Yochokera ku chilembo choyambirira cha “kaboni” mu pinyin (Tan), chomwe chikuyimira chitsulo cha zida za kaboni.
• Nambala: Avereji ya kuchuluka kwa kaboni (yomwe imafotokozedwa ngati peresenti), mwachitsanzo, T8 imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈0.8%, T12 imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈1.2%.
Maonekedwe a Zitsulo ku US: ASTM/SAE System
Mapangidwe a zitsulo ku US amatsatira makamaka miyezo ya ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) ndi SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi "kuphatikiza manambala + chilembo chowonjezera," zomwe zimagogomezera kugawa kwa chitsulo ndi kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa mpweya.
1. Chitsulo cha Carbon ndi Chitsulo Chomangira cha Alloy (SAE/ASTM Common)
Kapangidwe ka Pakati: Nambala ya manambala anayi + (chimake cha zilembo)
• Manambala awiri oyamba: Amatanthauza mtundu wa chitsulo ndi zinthu zazikulu zophatikiza, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "khodi yogawa." Ma correspondence ofanana ndi awa:
◦10XX: Chitsulo cha kaboni (chopanda zinthu zosakaniza), mwachitsanzo, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Chitsulo cha kaboni chokhala ndi manganese yambiri (kuchuluka kwa manganese 1.00%-1.65%), mwachitsanzo, 1524.
◦41XX: Chitsulo cha Chromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), mwachitsanzo, 4140.
◦43XX: Chitsulo cha Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), mwachitsanzo, 4340.
◦30XX: Chitsulo cha Nickel-Chromium (chokhala ndi 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), mwachitsanzo, 3040.
• Manambala awiri omaliza: Akuyimira kuchuluka kwa kaboni (m'magawo pa zikwi khumi), mwachitsanzo, 1045 imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈ 0.45%, 4140 ikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≈ 0.40%.
• Ma suffix a zilembo: Amapereka zinthu zowonjezera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
◦ B: Chitsulo chokhala ndi boron (chimawonjezera kulimba), mwachitsanzo, 10B38.
◦ L: Chitsulo chokhala ndi lead (chimathandizira makina kugwira ntchito), mwachitsanzo, 12L14.
◦ H: Chitsulo chotsimikizika cholimba, mwachitsanzo, 4140H.
2. Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri (Makamaka Miyezo ya ASTM)
Mtundu wa Pakati: Nambala ya manambala atatu (+ chilembo)
• Nambala: Imayimira "nambala yotsatizana" yogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe okhazikika. Kukumbukira ndikokwanira; kuwerengera sikofunikira. Magiredi wamba amakampani ndi awa:
◦304: 18%-20% chromium, 8%-10.5% nickel, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic (chofala kwambiri, chosagwira dzimbiri).
◦316: Imawonjezera 2%-3% ya molybdenum ku 304, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asidi/alkali ikhale yolimba komanso kuti igwire bwino ntchito kutentha kwambiri.
◦430: 16%-18% chromium, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ferritic (chopanda nikeli, chotsika mtengo, chokonda dzimbiri).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha martensitic (cholimba, cholimba kwambiri).
• Ma suffix a zilembo: Mwachitsanzo, “L” mu 304L imasonyeza mpweya wochepa (carbon ≤0.03%), kuchepetsa dzimbiri pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono panthawi yowotcherera; “H” mu 304H imasonyeza mpweya wochuluka (carbon 0.04%-0.10%), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kolimba kwambiri.
Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Maonekedwe a Magiredi aku China ndi aku America
1. Malingaliro Osiyanasiyana Okhudza Kutchula Mayina
Malamulo a mayina a ku China amaganizira mokwanira mphamvu ya zokolola, kuchuluka kwa kaboni, zinthu za alloy, ndi zina zotero, pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza zilembo, manambala, ndi zizindikiro za zinthu kuti afotokoze bwino momwe zitsulo zilili, zomwe zimathandiza kukumbukira ndi kumvetsetsa. Dziko la US limadalira kwambiri manambala kuti liwonetse magulu ndi kapangidwe ka zitsulo, zomwe ndi zazifupi koma zovuta pang'ono kwa anthu omwe si akatswiri kutanthauzira.
2. Tsatanetsatane mu Chifaniziro cha Alloy Element
China imapereka chithunzithunzi chatsatanetsatane cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi alloy, ndikulongosola njira zolembera kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu; Ngakhale kuti US imasonyezanso zomwe zili mu alloy, zolemba zake za zinthu zotsalira zimasiyana ndi zomwe China imachita.
3. Kusiyana kwa Zokonda pa Ntchito
Chifukwa cha miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya mafakitale ndi machitidwe omanga, China ndi US zimasonyeza zokonda zosiyana za mitundu inayake ya zitsulo m'magwiritsidwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, popanga zitsulo zomangira, China nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zomangira zolimba kwambiri monga Q345; US ingasankhe zitsulo zofanana kutengera miyezo ya ASTM.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-27-2025
