Kuyerekeza ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ntchito lalikulu chubu, njira zitsulo, ngodya zitsulo

Ubwino wachubu lalikulu
Mphamvu yopondereza kwambiri, mphamvu yopindika yabwino, mphamvu yopindika kwambiri, kukhazikika kwagawo.
Kuwotcherera, kulumikizana, kukonza kosavuta, pulasitiki yabwino, kupindika kozizira, magwiridwe antchito ozizira.
Large pamwamba m'dera, zochepa zitsulo pa unit pamwamba dera, kupulumutsa zitsulo.
Zozungulira zozungulira zimatha kukulitsa mphamvu yakumeta ubweya wa membala.

Zoipa
Kulemera kwamalingaliro ndikokulirapo kuposa chitsulo chanjira, mtengo wokwera.
Zoyenera zokhazokha zokhala ndi mphamvu zopindika kwambiri.

Ubwino waChitsulo chachitsulo
Kupindika kwapamwamba komanso mphamvu zokhotakhota, zoyenerera zomangira zomwe zimapindika kwambiri komanso nthawi yopindika.
Zing'onozing'ono mtanda gawo kukula, opepuka kulemera, kupulumutsa chitsulo.
Kukana kukameta ubweya wabwino, kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomanga zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zazikulu zometa ubweya.
Ukadaulo wosavuta wopangira, mtengo wotsika.

Zoipa
Kutsika kwamphamvu kwapang'onopang'ono, koyenera kokha pazomanga zomwe zimapindika kapena kugwedezeka.
Chifukwa cha magawo osagwirizana, ndikosavuta kupanga buckling yakumaloko mukapanikizika.

Ubwino waAngle bar
Mawonekedwe osavuta ophatikizika, osavuta kupanga, otsika mtengo.
Ili ndi kupindika bwino komanso kukana kwa torsion ndipo ndi yoyenera pazomangira zomwe zimapindika kwambiri komanso nthawi ya torsion.
Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafelemu osiyanasiyana ndi ma braces.

Zoipa
Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimapindika kapena kugwedezeka.
Chifukwa cha magawo osagwirizana, ndikosavuta kupanga ma buckling am'deralo mukapanikizika.

Machubu a square, u channel ndi angle bar ali ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zawo, ndipo ayenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi ntchito yeniyeni.
Pankhani yofunikira kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu, chubu lalikulu ndi chisankho chabwinoko.
Pankhani ya mphamvu zazikulu zopindika kapena zopindika, ngalande ndi ngodya ndizosankha bwino.
Pankhani yofunikira kuganizira za mtengo ndi ukadaulo wopanga, chitsulo cham'njira ndi chitsulo cha ngodya ndi chisankho chabwinoko.