He mea koʻikoʻi ka wehewehe pololei ʻana i nā pae kila no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea a me ka palekana o ka papahana i ka hoʻolālā kila kūkulu, ke kūʻai ʻana, a me ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻOiai ke kaʻana like nei nā ʻōnaehana pae kila o nā ʻāina ʻelua i nā pilina, hōʻike pū lākou i nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa no nā poʻe loea o ka ʻoihana.
Nā Hoʻolālā Kila Kina
Ua hahai nā hoʻolālā kila Kina i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o "ka leka Pinyin + ka hōʻailona o nā mea kemika + ka helu Arabika," me kēlā me kēia huapalapala e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai kikoʻī o nā mea. Aia ma lalo kahi wehewehe ʻana e nā ʻano kila maʻamau:
1. Ke kila kūkulu kalapona/kila kūkulu ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻaila haʻahaʻa (ʻO ka mea maʻamau)
ʻAno Kumu: Q + Waiwai Hua + Hōʻailona Papa Kūlana + Hōʻailona ʻAno Deoxidation
• Q: Loaʻa mai ka leka mua o "yield point" ma ka pinyin (Qu Fu Dian), e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka yield ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hana mua.
• Waiwai helu: Hōʻike pololei i ke kiko hua (anakahi: MPa). No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo Q235 i kahi kiko hua ≥235 MPa, ʻoiai ʻo Q345 e hōʻike ana i ≥345 MPa.
• Hōʻailona Papa Kūlana: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelima mau papa (A, B, C, D, E) e pili ana i nā koi paʻakikī hopena mai ka haʻahaʻa a i ke kiʻekiʻe (ʻAʻole koi ka Papa A i ka hoʻāʻo hopena; koi ka Papa E i ka hoʻāʻo hopena haʻahaʻa -40°C). No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo Q345D i ke kila haʻahaʻa me ka ikaika hua o 345 MPa a me ka maikaʻi Papa D.
• Nā hōʻailona hana deoxidation: F (kila holo manuahi), b (kila hapa-killed), Z (kila pepehi), TZ (kila pepehi kūikawā). Hāʻawi ke kila pepehi i ka maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila holo manuahi. Hoʻohana pinepine ka hana ʻenekinia iā Z a i ʻole TZ (hiki ke kāpae ʻia). No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo Q235AF i ke kila holo manuahi, ʻoiai ʻo Q235B e hōʻike ana i ke kila hapa-killed (paʻamau).
2. Ke kila kūkulu kalapona kiʻekiʻe
ʻAno Kumu: Helu ʻelua huahelu + (Mn)
• Helu ʻelua huahelu: Hōʻike i ka awelika o ka nui o ke kalapona (i hōʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana no nā ʻumi tausani), e laʻa, hōʻike ke kila 45 i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈ 0.45%, hōʻike ke kila 20 i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈ 0.20%.
• Mn: Hōʻike i ka nui o ka manganese (>0.7%). No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo 50Mn i kahi kila kalapona manganese kiʻekiʻe me 0.50% kalapona.
3. Ke kila kūkulu ʻia me ka huila
ʻAno kumu: Helu ʻelua huahelu + hōʻailona o ka mea hao hao + helu + (nā hōʻailona o nā mea hao hao ʻē aʻe + helu)
• Nā huahelu mua ʻelua: ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ke kalapona (no kēlā me kēia ʻumi tausani), e laʻa, ʻo "40" ma 40Cr e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈ 0.40%.
• Nā hōʻailona o nā mea hoʻohuihui: ʻO Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Si (silicon), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), a pēlā aku, e hōʻike ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui mua.
• ʻO ka huahelu ma hope o ka mea: Hōʻike i ka awelika o ka ʻike o ka mea hao hao (ma ka pakeneka). ʻO ka ʻike <1.5% e kāpae ana i kahi huahelu; ʻO 1.5%-2.49% e hōʻike ana i ka "2", a pēlā aku. No ka laʻana, ma 35CrMo, ʻaʻohe helu ma hope o "Cr" (ʻike ≈ 1%), a ʻaʻohe helu ma hope o "Mo" (ʻike ≈ 0.2%). Hōʻike kēia i kahi kila hoʻonohonoho hao hao me 0.35% kalapona, nona ka chromium a me ka molybdenum.
4. Kila kila/Kila kūpaʻa wela
ʻAno Kumu: Helu + Hōʻailona ʻElemene Alloy + Helu + (Nā ʻElemene ʻē aʻe)
• Helu alakaʻi: Hōʻike i ka awelika o ka nui o ke kalapona (ma nā ʻāpana no kēlā me kēia tausani), e laʻa, ʻo "2" ma 2Cr13 e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈0.2%, ʻo "0" ma 0Cr18Ni9 e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ke kalapona ≤0.08%.
• Hōʻailona ʻelemene Alloy + helu: ʻO nā ʻelemene e like me Cr (chromium) a i ʻole Ni (nickel) i ukali ʻia e kahi helu e hōʻike ana i ka awelika o ka nui o nā ʻelemene (ma ka pakeneka). No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo 1Cr18Ni9 i kahi kila kila austenitic me 0.1% kalapona, 18% chromium, a me 9% nickel.
5. Ke kila kila kalapona
ʻAno kumu: helu T +
• T: Loaʻa mai ka leka mua o "carbon" ma ka pinyin (Tan), e hōʻike ana i ke kila kila kalapona.
• Helu: ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ke kalapona (i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pakeneka), e laʻa, ʻo T8 ke kuhikuhi nei i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈0.8%, ʻo T12 ke kuhikuhi nei i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈1.2%.
Nā Hoʻolālā Kila US: ʻŌnaehana ASTM/SAE
Ma muli o nā kūlana ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) a me SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) ke ʻano nui o nā hoʻolālā kila US. ʻO ke ʻano kumu he "hui helu + hope leka," e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kila a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike kalapona.
1. Ke kila kalapona a me ke kila kūkulu ʻāpana (SAE/ASTM maʻamau)
ʻAno Kumu: Helu ʻehā huahelu + (hopena leka)
• Nā huahelu mua ʻelua: E hōʻike i ke ʻano kila a me nā mea hoʻohui mua, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he "code classification." ʻO nā pilina maʻamau e komo pū ana me:
◦10XX: Ke kila kalapona (ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohuihui), e laʻa, 1008, 1045.
◦15XX: Ke kila kalapona manganese kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ka nui o ka manganese 1.00%-1.65%), e.g. 1524.
◦41XX: Ke kila chromium-molybdenum (chromium 0.50%-0.90%, molybdenum 0.12%-0.20%), e.g. 4140.
◦43XX: Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (nickel 1.65%-2.00%, chromium 0.40%-0.60%), e.g. 4340.
◦30XX: Nickel-Chromium Steel (aia i loko he 2.00%-2.50% Ni, 0.70%-1.00% Cr), e.g. 3040.
• Nā huahelu ʻelua hope loa: Hōʻike i ka awelika o ka nui o ke kalapona (ma nā ʻāpana no nā ʻumi tausani), e laʻa, hōʻike ʻo 1045 i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈ 0.45%, hōʻike ʻo 4140 i ka nui o ke kalapona ≈ 0.40%.
• Nā pākuʻi leka: Hāʻawi i nā waiwai mea hoʻohui, e komo pū ana me:
◦ B: Ke kila i loaʻa ka boron (hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī), e laʻa, 10B38.
◦ L: Ke kila i loaʻa ke kēpau (māmā i ka mīkini ʻana), e laʻa, 12L14.
◦ H: Ke kila paʻakikī i hōʻoia ʻia, e laʻa, 4140H.
2. Ke kila kila (ʻO nā kūlana ASTM nui)
ʻAno Kumu: Helu ʻekolu huahelu (+ leka)
• Helu: Hōʻike i kahi "helu moʻo" e pili ana i ka haku mele paʻa a me nā waiwai. Ua lawa ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau ʻana; ʻaʻole pono ka helu ʻana. ʻO nā māka ʻoihana maʻamau:
◦304: 18%-20% chromium, 8%-10.5% nickel, kila kila austenitic (ʻoi aku ka maʻamau, kū i ka pala).
◦316: Hoʻohui i ka 2%-3% molybdenum i ka 304, e hāʻawi ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻakika/alkali kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe.
◦430: 16%-18% chromium, kila kila ferritic (ʻaʻohe nickel, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, maʻalahi i ka popo).
◦410: 11.5%-13.5% chromium, kila kila martensitic (hiki ke paʻakikī, paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe).
• Nā hopena leka: No ka laʻana, ʻo ka "L" ma 304L e hōʻike ana i ke kalapona haʻahaʻa (kalapona ≤0.03%), e hōʻemi ana i ka pala intergranular i ka wā o ka wili ʻana; ʻo ka "H" ma 304H e hōʻike ana i ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe (kalapona 0.04%-0.10%), e hoʻonui ana i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe.
Nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hoʻolālā papa Kina a me ʻAmelika
1. Nā Logics Inoa ʻokoʻa
Ua noʻonoʻo piha nā lula inoa o Kina i ka ikaika o ka hua, ka nui o ke kalapona, nā mea hoʻohuihui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui pū ʻana o nā leka, nā helu, a me nā hōʻailona mea e hōʻike pololei i nā waiwai kila, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana. Hilinaʻi nui ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā kaʻina helu e hōʻike i nā papa kila a me nā haku mele, he mea pōkole akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī no ka poʻe loea ʻole e wehewehe.
2. Nā kikoʻī ma ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea hao
Hāʻawi ʻo Kina i kahi hōʻike kikoʻī o nā mea hao, e kuhikuhi ana i nā ʻano hana lepili e pili ana i nā pae ʻike like ʻole; ʻOiai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻike pū ana i ka ʻike o ka mea hao, ʻokoʻa kāna hōʻailona no nā mea trace mai nā hana a Kina.
3. Nā ʻokoʻa o ka makemake o ka noi
Ma muli o nā kūlana ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā hana kūkulu hale, hōʻike ʻo Kina a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā makemake like ʻole no nā papa kila kikoʻī i kekahi mau noi. No ka laʻana, i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kila kūkulu, hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Kina i nā kila kūkulu ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka haʻahaʻa-alloy e like me Q345; hiki i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke koho i nā kila e pili ana ma muli o nā kūlana ASTM.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻOkakopa-27-2025
